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Dance in Textual Sources from Ancient Mesopotamia
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The textual sources from Mesopotamia portray dance both as a private act of spontaneous joy and play and as a cultic act performed in religious rituals. Its connection with sexuality can be seen in a few passages where the dance of girls and women is mentioned in a sexual context and in passages describing the cult dances performed by the cross-dressing personnel of the goddess Ishtar.
The joy and vitality associated with dancing is illustrated in a letter to King Assurbanipal (seventh century BCE) in which the Assyrian scholar Adad-shumu-usur describes the reign of his king as a golden era:
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