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Glutathione Metabolism and Its Implications for Health1
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ABSTRACT Glutathione ([gamma]-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine; GSH) is the most abundant low-molecular-weight thiol, and GSH/glutathione disulfide is the major redox couple in animal cells. The synthesis of GSH from glutamate, cysteine, and glycine is catalyzed sequentially by two cytosolic enzymes, [gamma]-glutamylcysteine synthetase and GSH synthetase. Compelling evidence shows that GSH synthesis is regulated primarily by [gamma]-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity, cysteine availability, and GSH feedback inhibition. Animal and human studies demonstrate that adequate protein nutrition is ...
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Glutathone and glutathione ethyl ester supplementation of mice after glutathione homeostasis during exercise
; ...redox status and interfering with GSH synthesis and transport (Ji and Leeuwenburgh...the primary organ for de novo GSH synthesis. Liver GSH content was shown to...Furthermore, hepatic de novo GSH synthesis is limited by y-glutamylcysteine...
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Manipulation of glutathione and amino acid biosynthesis in the chloroplast
; ...chloroplast. We conclude that (a) GSH synthesis can occur in the chloroplast and...activity, (b) interactions between GSH synthesis and the pathways supplying the...chloroplastic up-regulation of GSH synthesis is associated with an activating...
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Distribution of Glutathione in Millstreams and Relationships to Chemical and Baking Properties of Flour
; ...650 kg/hr pilot roller mill. Glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were measured...Australian cultivars had higher levels of GSH and GSSG than the New Zealand cultivars...There was a strong correlation between GSH/GSSG and ash content in millstream flours...
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Maturation of Arabidopsis Seeds Is Dependent on Glutathione Biosynthesis within the Embryo1[C]
; Glutathione (GSH) has been implicated in maintaining the cell...during seed dehydration. To assess the role of GSH during development of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis...mutants of GSH1, encoding the first enzyme of GSH biosynthesis, γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase...
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A Novel Family of Transporters Mediating the Transport of Glutathione Derivatives in Plants1
; ...compartmentation of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and glutathione...cDNA restored growth on a medium containing GSH as the sole sulfur source. The strain expressing OsGT1 mediated [3H]GSH uptake, and this uptake was significantly...
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Total Equivalent of Reactive Chemicals in 142 Human Food Items Is Highly Variable Within and Between Major Food Groups1
; ...human cancer or other diseases. Glutathione (GSH) reacts with and detoxifies electrophilic...chemicals in foods, we added a known amount of GSH to 142 commonly consumed food items and...reactive chemicals in terms of the amount of GSH lost during homogenization and extraction...
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Elevated glutathione biosynthetic capacity in the chloroplasts of transgenic tobacco plants paradoxically causes increased oxidative stress
; Glutathione (GSH), a major antioxidant in most aerobic organisms, is perceived...gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-ECS), foliar levels of GSH were raised threefold. Paradoxically, increased GSH biosynthetic capacity in the chloroplast resulted in greatly...
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N-acetylcysteine protects from glutathione depletion in rats exposed to hyperoxia
; ...and biochemical inhibition of GSH synthesis using buthionine sulfoximine...supplying cysteine as a precursor for GSH synthesis. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral...cysteine may be a limiting factor for GSH synthesis if the diet is deficient in sulfur-containi...
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Thiol/Disulfide Redox Status Is Oxidized in Plasma and Small Intestinal and Colonic Mucosa of Rats with Inadequate Sulfur Amino Acid Intake1
; ...similar tissue and plasma GSH/GSSG redox as rats that ate...for protein and glutathione (GSH) synthesis and for synthesis of taurine...and S-adenosylhomocysteine. GSH and sulfate function in detoxification...antioxidant function (2). GSH that is in the gut lumen is...For example, depletion ...
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Control of demand-driven biosynthesis of glutathione in green Arabidopsis suspension culture cells
; ...limits demand-driven de novo glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis in green Arabidopsis suspension culture cells. GSH is the most abundant low-molecular weight...using monochlorobimane to fluorescently label GSH in live cells. Progress curves for labeling...
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