The impact of metals on society part VIII: Europe

From: JOM | Date: June 1, 1999| Author: | Copyright information

In the fifth century, the Romans abandoned Spain, leaving the lands west of the Danube River to defend Italy. In the absence of a stabilizing government, people resettled around manors, beseeching lords for protection and, thus, becoming bound to the land in a resulting system of feudalism and serfdom. Commerce became localized, and economic stability collapsed-the Dark Ages ensued. There was little demand for metals, so mines were abandoned as people concentrated on providing for their basic needs.

Light glimmered in 800 when the pope crowned Charlemagne emperor of Rome. Charlemagne unified ...

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