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Determination of oceanic rain rate and rain cell structure from altimeter waveform data. Part I: Theory
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ABSTRACT
The predominant effect of rain on altimeter data is through the attenuation it causes of radar pulses propagating through it. Both the ERS-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon have recorded sharp decreases in the observed backscatter omega^sup o^, which have been attributed to rain events. However, the structure of rain cells and the spatial variation of rain rate can be much smaller than the altimeter footprint over which oo is calculated. Here an algorithm is derived to determine the rain rate and its spatial structure. This paper demonstrates that an unbiased estimator can be produced and shows ...
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Estimation of mean rain rate through censoring
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Application of a threshold method to airborne-spaceborne attenuating-wavelength radars for the estimation of space-time rain-rate statistics
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The optimization and calibration of a rain intensity gauge
; ...consists of the rain rate itself and the time...and the short-term rain rates. Although the gauge...increased slowly with rain rate, and so two calibration...onset of the lowest rain rates (0.1 mm h^sup -1...oscillations from no rain (observations ...
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Small-Scale Horizontal Rain-Rate Variability Observed by Satellite
; ...distribution of rain rates within an area...distribution of rain-rate standard deviation...variability of rain rates is largely influenced...functions (PDFs) of rain rate. That is, oceanic rain-rate distribution...the small-scale rain-rate ...
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SSM/I Rain Retrievals within a Unified All-Weather Ocean Algorithm
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Comparison of rainfall products derived from TRMM microwave imager and precipitation radar
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Validation of Rain-Rate Estimation in Hurricanes from the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer: Algorithm Correction and Error Analysis
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A Comparison of Gamma and Lognormal Distributions for Characterizing Satellite Rain Rates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
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Comparison of Rain Rates over the Ocean Derived from TRMM Microwave Imager and Precipitation Radar
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Comparisons of rain rate and reflectivity factor derived from the TRMM precipitation radar and the WSR-88D over the Melbourne, Florida, Site
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