X-ray powder diffraction analysis of early and middle woodland red pipes from Wisconsin

From: Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, MCJA | Date: April 1, 2003| Author: | Copyright information

ABSTRACT

Red tube and platform pipes have been found across the Upper Midwest and Upper Great Lakes. Platform pipes from the Midwest are confidently associated with the Middle Woodland Hopewell phenomenon, while tube pipes in the Great Lakes Region are generally attributed to Early Woodland (Adena-related) manifestations. Most descriptions of these artifacts attribute the red material to Ohio pipestone or "fire-clay." Although Sigstad's (1973) neutron activation analysis revealed that western pipestone sources were utilized for red Adena and Hopewell pipes, the Ohio source interpretation has ...

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