Weak trophic interactions among birds, insects and white oak saplings (Quercus alba)

From: The American Midland Naturalist | Date: October 1, 2002| Author: Lichtenberg, Dennis A; Lichtenberg, Janene Shupe | Copyright information

ABSTRACT.-We examined the interactions among insectivorous birds, arthropods and white oak saplings (Quercus alba L.) in a temperate deciduous forest under 'open' and 'closed' canopy environments. For 2 y, we compared arthropod densities, leaf damage and sapling growth. Saplings from each canopy environment were assigned to one of four treatments: (1) reference, (2) bird exclosure, (3) insecticide and (4) exclosure + insecticide. Sap-feeding insects were the most abundant arthropod feeding gu...

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