sources
sources 1. The OT. Although the
Pentateuch reads well as a coherent and continuous document, closer examination reveals that it contains a number of sources. Some of these are named: e.g. ‘the book of the wars of the Lord’ (Num. 21: 14–15). Other items in the OT seem also to have existed independently, such as the lament of David (2 Sam. 1: 18). But critical scrutiny of the text of the
Pentateuch has disclosed clear evidence that several formerly separate sources now form the book we have today. It was noticed, for example, that the
creation narrative in Gen. closes at 2: 4a and another parallel narrative, different in style and content, takes over at 2: 4b. Similarly, in Gen. 6: 5–9: 19, the story of the
Flood, there are not only differences in style, but also contradictions and inconsistencies—e.g. seven pairs of animals are to be taken into the
ark (Gen. 7: 2) but only one pair in Gen. 6: 19.
The widely accepted hypothesis to account for these features in the Pentateuch fastens particularly on the different names used for God—
Yahweh and
Elohim. The sources have been given the symbols
J,
E,
D, and
P. J from Jahveh (the German form for Yahweh) is thought by many scholars to derive from the south of the country in the 10th cent.
BCE; E (from
Elohim) from the north in the 8th cent.
BCE; D = Deuteronomy, associated with King
Josiah's discovery of the law book in the Temple (622 BCE); and P (‘Priestly’) is dated to the
Babylonian Exile or just after with a strong interest in the ritual of the
sanctuary and the emphasis on offerings being made by
priests of the tribe of
Levi. This four-document hypothesis is attributed to the German scholars
Graf and
Wellhausen, and it remains a springboard for all OT research. Nevertheless much of the hypothesis has been disputed; perhaps the most vulnerable part is the identification of a source E. It is held by some that the different names for God are not sufficient ground for positing different literary sources. Elsewhere in the OT it is widely agreed that Isa. 1–39 is an editorial compilation of sources, and certainly distinct from Isa. 40–66.
2. The NT. It is generally accepted that the close verbal relationships between the
synoptic gospels demand a hypothesis about the use of sources. Luke (1: 1) actually explains that the author knew of several predecessors. Although there is no universally agreed solution to the
synoptic problem, it is usual to hold that Mark was the first gospel to be written, and that Matt. and Luke embodied Mark in their longer works. The remaining material common to Matt. and Luke is explained either by their both having access to the same source (‘
Q’) of tradition, or (a minority view) that Luke knew Matt. as well as Mark.
There is a minority view that the gospel of John is a compilation of pre-existing sources, e.g. of the Signs or the Discourses, arranged under the heading of the Feasts. A pattern on the whole work has been imposed by an editor. But an objection to this view is that the work as a whole has a consistent and recognizable style. It is, however, probable that the author of John had available written sources of material, such as the accounts of the Feeding of the Multitude, used in John 6: 1–21.
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BERLIN AIRLIFT VETS RETURN TO GERMANY FOR ANNIVERSARY
News Wire article from: US Fed News Service, Including US State News; 6/26/2008; 700+ words
; ...Germany at the start of the Berlin Airlift, not the historical...missions he flew over Berlin and being a 20-year...think about (the Berlin Airlift) much," he said...the importance of the Berlin Airlift. "At this point...
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Sen. DeMint Introduces Resolution Concerning Berlin Airlift Anniversary
News Wire article from: US Fed News Service, Including US State News; 7/1/2008; 700+ words
; ...60th anniversary of the Berlin Airlift and honoring the veterans...record for the Berlin Airlift; Whereas 39 British...sacrifice during the Berlin Airlift, and 8 British...228 total flights into Berlin; Whereas the Soviet...
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Berlin Airlift re-enacted with candy drop
Newspaper article from: Deseret News (Salt Lake City); 5/13/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...operation that kept West Berlin out of Soviet hands...blockade strangling West Berlin. More than 100,000...French veterans of the airlift who were on hand at Tempelhof...that took part in the airlift laid wreaths Tuesday...base in West Germany to Berlin during the airlift...
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TRIUMPH OF SPIRIT' HONORS BERLIN AIRLIFT
Transcript from: Regulatory Intelligence Data; 6/9/1998; ; 700+ words
; ...people, including more than 20 Berlin Airlift veterans, here May 26. The original...commemorated the 50th anniversary of the Berlin Airlift for an audience of international...the Air Force's salute to the Berlin Airlift. The production featured...
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Berlin Airlift remembered, key moment in Cold War
News Wire article from: AP Worldstream; 5/12/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...operation that kept West Berlin out of Soviet hands...blockade strangling West Berlin. More than 100,000...French veterans of the airlift who were on hand at Tempelhof...that took part in the airlift laid wreaths Tuesday...base in West Germany to Berlin during the airlift...
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Berlin Airlift /Veterans remembered.
M2 Presswire; 5/13/2009; 700+ words
; ...May 2009-UK Government: Berlin Airlift |Veterans remembered(C...Ministry of Defence at the Berlin Airlift Memorial in Staffordshire...Berlin Blockade, before the Airlift started, West Berlin had just thirty-five days...
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Remembering The Berlin Airlift, 60 Years Later
Transcript from: NPR Weekend Edition - Sunday; 9/14/2008; ; 700+ words
; ...2008 Remembering The Berlin Airlift, 60 Years Later Host...imposed a blockade on West Berlin, American and British...lost their lives in the airlift, as well as 39 Britons...is with his mom in Berlin. He never really knew...
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-U.S. POSTAL SERVICE: U.S. stamp commemorating Berlin Airlift issued
M2 Presswire; 6/29/1998; 700+ words
; ...POSTAL SERVICE: U.S. stamp commemorating Berlin Airlift issued (C)1994-98 M2 COMMUNICATIONS LTD...The address for the Berlin cancellation is: BERLIN AIRLIFT 50TH ANNIVERSARY BERLIN STATION POSTMASTER PSC 120 BOX 50 APO AE 09265...
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-U.S. AIR FORCE: 'Triumph of Spirit' honors Berlin Airlift
M2 Presswire; 6/10/1998; 700+ words
; ...Triumph of Spirit' honors Berlin Airlift (C)1994-98 M2 COMMUNICATIONS...for loading. A young Berlin girl cries out to her...performers saluted Berlin Airlift veterans, the audience...flight engineer during the Berlin Airlift. "I've quizzed...
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To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948-1949.(Review)
Magazine article from: Air Power History; 6/22/2001; ; 700+ words
; ...Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948-1949. By...Berlin. It allowed airlift forces to hone to...observes that the Berlin Airlift served to...combat. Military airlift can be used in every...national resource, the Berlin Airlift demonstrated...
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Berlin Airlift
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security
Berlin Airlift █ ADRIENNE WILMOTH...the control of Allied nations. Berlin, the nation's key city, was...France, organized a massive airlift to feed and supply the sectors of West Berlin under their control. Military...
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Berlin airlift
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Berlin airlift 1948-49, supply of vital necessities to West Berlin by air transport primarily under U.S. auspices...hope that the Allies would be forced to abandon West Berlin. The massive effort to supply the 2 million West Berliners...
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Berlin Blockade and Airlift
Book article from: The Oxford Companion to United States History
Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948–1949).On 24 June...from the western zones of Germany into Berlin. In reaction, the three Western occupying...third world war. The Soviets acted in Berlin in response to the London decisions...
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Berlin Crises
Book article from: The Oxford Companion to American Military History
...however, in 1990, when Germany reunified and Berlin's occupation ended. [See also Berlin Airlift ; Cold War: External Course ; Germany, U...Involvement in. ] Bibliography Jack Schick , The Berlin Crisis, 1958–1962 , 1971. Marc...
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Berlin
Book article from: The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
Berlin Berlin airlift an operation by British and American aircraft to airlift food and supplies to Berlin in 1948–9, while Russian forces blockaded the city to isolate...
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