sources
sources 1. The OT. Although the
Pentateuch reads well as a coherent and continuous document, closer examination reveals that it contains a number of sources. Some of these are named: e.g. ‘the book of the wars of the Lord’ (Num. 21: 14–15). Other items in the OT seem also to have existed independently, such as the lament of David (2 Sam. 1: 18). But critical scrutiny of the text of the
Pentateuch has disclosed clear evidence that several formerly separate sources now form the book we have today. It was noticed, for example, that the
creation narrative in Gen. closes at 2: 4a and another parallel narrative, different in style and content, takes over at 2: 4b. Similarly, in Gen. 6: 5–9: 19, the story of the
Flood, there are not only differences in style, but also contradictions and inconsistencies—e.g. seven pairs of animals are to be taken into the
ark (Gen. 7: 2) but only one pair in Gen. 6: 19.
The widely accepted hypothesis to account for these features in the Pentateuch fastens particularly on the different names used for God—
Yahweh and
Elohim. The sources have been given the symbols
J,
E,
D, and
P. J from Jahveh (the German form for Yahweh) is thought by many scholars to derive from the south of the country in the 10th cent.
BCE; E (from
Elohim) from the north in the 8th cent.
BCE; D = Deuteronomy, associated with King
Josiah's discovery of the law book in the Temple (622 BCE); and P (‘Priestly’) is dated to the
Babylonian Exile or just after with a strong interest in the ritual of the
sanctuary and the emphasis on offerings being made by
priests of the tribe of
Levi. This four-document hypothesis is attributed to the German scholars
Graf and
Wellhausen, and it remains a springboard for all OT research. Nevertheless much of the hypothesis has been disputed; perhaps the most vulnerable part is the identification of a source E. It is held by some that the different names for God are not sufficient ground for positing different literary sources. Elsewhere in the OT it is widely agreed that Isa. 1–39 is an editorial compilation of sources, and certainly distinct from Isa. 40–66.
2. The NT. It is generally accepted that the close verbal relationships between the
synoptic gospels demand a hypothesis about the use of sources. Luke (1: 1) actually explains that the author knew of several predecessors. Although there is no universally agreed solution to the
synoptic problem, it is usual to hold that Mark was the first gospel to be written, and that Matt. and Luke embodied Mark in their longer works. The remaining material common to Matt. and Luke is explained either by their both having access to the same source (‘
Q’) of tradition, or (a minority view) that Luke knew Matt. as well as Mark.
There is a minority view that the gospel of John is a compilation of pre-existing sources, e.g. of the Signs or the Discourses, arranged under the heading of the Feasts. A pattern on the whole work has been imposed by an editor. But an objection to this view is that the work as a whole has a consistent and recognizable style. It is, however, probable that the author of John had available written sources of material, such as the accounts of the Feeding of the Multitude, used in John 6: 1–21.
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THE LAST NAZI SECRET; WAS IT REALLY RUDOLF HESS WHO WAS CAPTURED IN SCOTLAND?(News)
Newspaper article from: Sunday Mail (Glasgow, Scotland); 4/15/2001; 700+ words
; ...darkest secrets. But was it really Rudolf Hess who flew into Scotland to negotiate...the row over whether the real Rudolf Hess ever set foot in Scotland has burst...those years in Spandau was never Rudolf Hess," he says. "That backs up what...
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RUDOLF HESS IN SCOTLAND; BALED OUT OF PLANE NEAR GLASGOW.
Newspaper article from: The Birmingham Post (England); 12/19/1998; 700+ words
; May 13 Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy, nominated by him...Downing Street last night was as follows: Rudolf Hess, Deputy Fuhrer of Germany and Leader...as Horn, but later declared he was Rudolf Hess. He brought with him various photographs...
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Authors claim Rudolf Hess had a double
Newspaper article from: The Scotsman; 4/21/2001; ; 700+ words
; WHEN Rudolf Hess, the Nazi Deputy Fuehrer who was second...Clive Prince and Stephen Prior believe Hess had been a passenger on a plane which...their new book Double Standards: The Rudolf Hess Cover-up, said the future Duke of Hamilton...
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SUICIDE SUSPECTED IN RUDOLF HESS DEATH.(Main)
Newspaper article from: Albany Times Union (Albany, NY); 8/19/1987; 700+ words
; ...Terrence Petty Associated Press Rudolf Hess, the last member of Adolf Hitler...fortress-like Spandau prison. Hess grew increasingly depressed toward...preliminary investigation indicates that Rudolf Hess attempted to take his own life...
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Hitler Deputy Rudolf Hess Dies in West Berlin Prison
Newspaper article from: The Washington Post; 8/18/1987; ; 700+ words
; Rudolf Hess, 93, Adolf Hitler's deputy fuehrer...suspicious that such an attack was imminent. Hess failed to negotiate a peace, if that is...still in Soviet history books, marked Rudolf Hess as perhaps the strangest man among the...
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The mystery of Rudolf Hess In May 1941, Hitler's deputy set off on a secret mission. Later that night, a man claiming to be Rudolf Hess was arrested in Scotland. But only now, 60 years on, can the full story of the cover-up that followed finally be told
Newspaper article from: The Independent - London; 3/31/2001; ; 700+ words
; ...the day since Hitler's deputy, Rudolf Hess, disappeared from Germany, and...Having read two biographies of Hess, both of which described how he...prepare his book, The Murder of Rudolf Hess, which came out in 1979. Publication...
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Rudolf Hess
Newspaper article from: The Washington Post; 8/19/1987; 528 words
; ...for May Day 1940. "His deputy, Rudolf Hess, spoke in his place-from the...controversy in the last decades of Rudolf Hess' life over whether he should continue...human beings; that was something Rudolf Hess and his followers tried to deny...
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Death frees Rudolf Hess from prison
Newspaper article from: Chicago Sun-Times; 8/18/1987; 700+ words
; WEST BERLIN Rudolf Hess, who died Monday at age 93 after spending...deputy fuehrer (leader) to Hitler, Mr. Hess wielded vast influence in the early years...Hitler's Nazi regime. The cause of Mr. Hess's death, in the British Military Hospital...
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14: A bumbled flight.(Rudolf Hess's flight to Britain during World War II)(Brief Article)
Magazine article from: U.S. News & World Report; 7/24/2000; ; 700+ words
; ...Albert Horn. Horn turned out to be Rudolf Hess, Adolf Hitler's deputy. Fifty...blessed the trip, Harris writes. Once Hess bailed out, neither Churchill nor...last year coauthored The Flight of Rudolf Hess: Myths and Reality. Nesbit says...
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Rudolf Hess Dies at 93, Was Deputy to Hitler
Newspaper article from: The Washington Post; 8/18/1987; 457 words
; Nazi Germany's deputy fuehrer Rudolf Hess, who for nearly 21 years was the...announced. Spandau prison, where Hess was a prisoner for 40 years, "will...Prison has ceased on the death of Rudolf Hess," the statement said. Contingents...
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Hess, Rudolf
Book article from: The Oxford Companion to World War II
Hess, Rudolf (1894–1987), Hitler...C. , Conversations Interdites avec Rudolf Hess (Paris, 1988). Hess, W. , My Father Rudolf Hess (London, 1986). Schwarzwä...
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Walter Richard Rudolf Hess
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of World Biography
Walter Richard Rudolf Hess Walter Richard Rudolf Hess (1894-1987) was Deputy Reichsf ü hrer for Adolf...1941. He lived longer than any other major war criminal. Rudolf Hess was born April 26, 1894, in Cairo, Egypt, eldest son...
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Walter Rudolf Hess
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of World Biography
Walter Rudolf Hess A Swiss neurophysiologist, Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973) won the 1949 Nobel Prize for Physiology...organs. The son of Professor Clemenz Hess, Walter Rudolf Hess was born at Frauenfeld, Switzerland, on March 17...
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Rudolf Hess
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Rudolf Hess 1894-1987, German National Socialist...to life imprisonment at Spandau prison. Hess's behavior both before and during his...Mission (1971); W. Schwarzwaller, Rudolf Hess: The Last Nazi (1988).
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Hess, (Walther Richard) Rudolf
Book article from: A Dictionary of World History
Hess, (Walther Richard) Rudolf (1894–1987) German politician. He was deputy leader of the Nazi Party (1934–41) and a close friend...
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