Newton, Isaac
Newton, Isaac (1642–1727)English physicist and mathematician. He developed his principal theories of gravitation, optics, and mathematics in 1665 and 1666. In 1668 he made the first working reflecting telescope. Most of his findings remained unpublished for long periods, partly because of criticisms by C.
Huygens and the English scientist Robert Hooke (1635–1703) of his early work on the corpuscular theory of light. However, in 1684 E.
Halley persuaded him to organize his work on the celestial mechanics of the Solar System, which was published as the
Principia. Newton's other major book,
Opticks, was not published until 1704. It contains his corpuscular theory of light and the theory of the telescope. His greatest mathematical achievement was his invention of calculus, independently of the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716). His profound influence on physics and astronomy is reflected in the phrase ‘Newtonian revolution’.
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Cloud halos: Numerical simulation of dynamical structure and radiative impact
Magazine article from: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 8/1/2002; ; 700+ words
; ...humidity around cumulus clouds, that is, the "cloud halos" observed...classes of cumulus clouds? What is the temporal...halo relative to the cloud evolution? How does...penetrations of 78 cumulus clouds. Ackerman also found that the cloud develops in the upshear...
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Clouds.
Magazine article from: Science Weekly; 11/17/2004; 700+ words
; ...like a towering cumulus cloud. Other examples of clouds include tornadoes, waterspouts...and images (1)). Cloud Types Meteorologists classify clouds into three basic types...links page (1)). Cloud Formation Clouds form under many conditions...
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Cloud-base height estimates using a combination of meteorological satellite imagery and surface reports
Magazine article from: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 12/1/2000; ; 700+ words
; ...increased knowledge of cloud vertical occurrence...simulation using realistic clouds (Hembree et al...satellite. The nature of cloud layers adds to the complexity. Clouds may occur in several...blocked by the lowest cloud layer. Thin clouds are detected more...
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Cloud Detection with MODIS. Part I: Improvements in the MODIS Cloud Mask for Collection 5
Magazine article from: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology; 7/1/2008; ; 700+ words
; ...contrast (i.e., cloud versus background surface...spectral bands (e.g., clouds are generally more reflective...the 250-m mask. The cloud mask assesses the likelihood that clouds obstruct a given pixel. As cloud cover can occupy a pixel...
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Cumulus cloud formulations for longwave radiation calculations
Magazine article from: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 3/15/1999; ; 700+ words
; ...effects of broken cumulus clouds as the cloud amount weighted average...because a large part of cloud systems consists of broken clouds. Current atmospheric...estimated the effective cloud fraction for small cumulus clouds by considering clouds...
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Cloud cover in the ECMWF reanalysis
Magazine article from: Journal of Climate; 4/1/1999; ; 700+ words
; ...terrestrial radiative fluxes by the clouds; the cloud latent forcing describes...condensation and evaporation in clouds and precipitation; the cloud convective forcing describes...nonradiative effects of convective clouds, and a cloud scheme describing the cloud...
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Cloud Phase Structure: Experimental Data Analysis and Parameterization
Magazine article from: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 2/1/2006; ; 700+ words
; ...the most important cloud characteristics. Stability of clouds, their optical properties...phase transitions in clouds. Mixed phase cloud microphysics is currently...hereafter KICSH). Clouds are rather inhomogeneous objects. Cloud particle concentration...
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Cloud Radiative Forcing of the Arctic Surface: The Influence of Cloud Properties, Surface Albedo, and Solar Zenith Angle
Magazine article from: Journal of Climate; 2/1/2004; ; 700+ words
; ...properties of Arctic clouds control the surface...balance. Surface cloud radiative forcing...surface albedo amplify cloud radiative influences...Furthermore, Arctic clouds play significant...is referred to as cloud radiative forcing...CF indicating that clouds warm the surface...
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Cloud fraction and relative humidity in a prognostic cloud fraction scheme
Magazine article from: Monthly Weather Review; 7/1/2001; ; 700+ words
; ...diagnostic relation for cloud fraction can be derived...subtropical boundary layer clouds. The results are...representation of clouds in large-scale models is how to estimate cloud cover in a partially...have shown that the cloud scheme is able to simulate boundary layer clouds in a ...
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Cloud predictions diagnosed from global weather model forcasts
Magazine article from: Monthly Weather Review; 10/1/2000; ; 700+ words
; ...Introduction Predictions of the cloud cover (CC) over large...the imagery-depicted clouds into the future for shortterm...mainstay of the air force cloud analysis and prediction...surface obscuration by all clouds when looking down from above the highest cloud layer. Layer cloud ...
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Clouds
Encyclopedia entry from: The Gale Encyclopedia of Science
Clouds Classification Cloud categories Nimbus category High...clouds appear denser than higher clouds. Cloud categories Today, there are 10...x2019; tails. Cirrocumulus clouds, the least common cloud, are small, white or pale gray...
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Clouds and Cloud Types
Book article from: World of Earth Science
Clouds and cloud types Clouds are condensations of water and other particles in the atmosphere...i.e., whether it is light or dark) is a function of cloud thickness. Cirrus clouds occur at high levels and are generally wispy and elongate...
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clouds
Book article from: The Oxford Companion to the Earth
...are composed entirely of ice crystals. 1. Cloud genera Low clouds Height of cloud bases: all regions below 2 km Cloud types...cumulus (Cu), cumulonimbus (Cb) Middle clouds Height of cloud bases: tropical region, 2–8...
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cloud
Book article from: The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English
...something). PHRASES: every cloud has a silver lining see...have one's head in the clouds (of a person) be out...daydreaming. in the clouds out of touch with reality...clergyman was in the clouds. on cloud nine extremely happy...
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Precipitation and Clouds, Formation of
Book article from: Water:Science and Issues
...summarized below. High clouds (cloud base above 7 kilometers...and nimbostratus. Clouds of vertical development (cloud base generally is in...Although not truly a cloud, fog is essentially stratoform clouds on the ground. Cumulus...
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