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Symbolism
The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre
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1996
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© The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre 1996, originally published by Oxford University Press 1996. (Hide copyright information)
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Symbolism. Symbols have been used on the stage since the earliest times. Much of Elizabethan ‘stage furniture’ was symbolic, a throne standing for a Court, a tent for a battlefield, a tree for a forest. Symbolic elements are found in
Chekhov and in the later plays of
Ibsen and
Strindberg. But Symbolism as a conscious art-form, conceived as a reaction against
realism, came into the theatre with
Maeterlinck, writing under the influence of Mallarmé and Verlaine. His characters have no personality of their own, but are symbols of the poet's inner life. This aspect was intensified in the early plays of
Yeats. Other dramatists to come under the influence of Symbolism include
Andreyev and
Evreinov in Russia, Hugo von
Hofmannsthal and the later
Hauptmann (with
Die versunkene Glocke) in Germany,
Synge (
The Well of the Saints) and
O'Casey (
Within the Gates) in Ireland, and O'Neill in the United States.
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