isolationism
isolationism An approach to US foreign policy that advocates non-participation in alliances or in the affairs of other nations. It derives its spirit from George Washington's proclamation of neutrality in 1793, and was further confirmed by the
MONROE DOCTRINE (1823). It foiled Woodrow Wilson in his attempt to take the USA into the
LEAGUE OF NATIONS (1919 and 1920), and it hindered Franklin D. Roosevelt's support for Britain, France, and China before and during World War II, by ensuring passage of restrictive Neutrality Acts (1935–37). Present-day isolationists favour political and military withdrawal from overseas bases as well as the establishment of a “fortress America” protected by an elaborate modern military system.
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Partial Hydrogenation of Soybean Oil with Minimal Trans Fat Production Using a Pt-Decorated Polymeric Membrane Reactor
Magazine article from: JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society; 1/1/2009; ; 700+ words
; Abstract Partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils is carried out...acids formed during traditional hydrogenation have come under intense scrutiny...health. Here we report partial hydrogenation of soybean oil using a high performance...
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Kinetics of liquid-phase hydrogenation of iso-valeraldehyde to iso-amyl alcohol over a Ru/[Al.sub.2][O.sub.3] catalyst.
Magazine article from: Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering; 8/1/2006; ; 700+ words
; ...The liquid-phase catalytic hydrogenation of iso-valeraldehyde to iso...The kinetics of liquid-phase hydrogenation of iso-valeraldehyde over...without any loss in activity. L'hydrogenation catalytique en phase liquide...
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Numerical investigation of continuous processes for catalytic hydrogenation of nitrile butadiene rubber.(Abstract)
Magazine article from: Polymer Engineering and Science; 5/1/2002; ; 700+ words
; INTRODUCTION Catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated polymers is a post...with 1,2 or 1,4 structure. Hydrogenation of a styrene-butadiene-styrene...center block. The catalytic hydrogenation of acrylonitrile-butadiene...
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With Some 2,000 Illustrations and 50 Tables The 'Handbook of Homogeneous Hydrogenation, 3 Volumes' Is A Must-Have For Everyone Working In The Chemicals And Pharmaceutical Industries.
Business Wire; 11/15/2006; 700+ words
; ...reactions Homogeneous polymer hydrogenation Transfer hydrogenation Diastereoselective hydrogenations Dehydrogenations of alkanes...and beta-ketoester hydrogenations (including mechanism) Asymmetric hydrogenation of alpha-ketoesters...
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Applied chemistry. (hydrogenation)
Magazine article from: Chemistry and Industry; 11/3/1997; ; 700+ words
; ...reactor. Furthermore, hydrogenation in supercritical carbon...than in non-supercritical hydrogenation. The presence of a single...the major product from the hydrogenation of acetopheneone (5...temperatures, supercritical hydrogenations can be successfully applied...
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Production of Low Acid Value Edible Oil with Reduced TFAs by Electrochemical Hydrogenation in a Diaphragm Reactor
Magazine article from: JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society; 11/1/2008; ; 700+ words
; ...electrochemical system was devised and tested for hydrogenation of soybean oil under moderate processing...mA/cm^sup 2^), The extent of hydrogenation was found to increase with increasing...was characterized that the extent of hydrogenation under low pH (2.0-5.0) was...
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Two-way shape memory effect of TiNi alloys induced by hydrogenation
Magazine article from: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions; 1/1/2002; ; 700+ words
; ...TWSME) induced by an electrochemical hydrogenation has been conducted on two TiNi shape...constraint has been applied during hydrogenation, the effects of current density...charging period of the electrochemical hydrogenation. The X-ray diffraction peak corresponding...
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Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of octyl aldehyde over Pd catalysts.
Magazine article from: Canadian Journal of Chemistry; 7/1/2007; ; 700+ words
; ...Abstract: The electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of octyl aldehyde...concentration, on the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of octanal was studied. Key...catalyst, electrocatalytic hydrogenation. Resume : L'hydrogenation...
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Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of catechol on Rh-[Al.sub.2][O.sub.3] in different media--pH-dependent reduction mechanism for intermediate formation.
Magazine article from: Canadian Journal of Chemistry; 12/1/2006; ; 700+ words
; ...Abstract: The electrocatalytic hydrogenation of catechol was carried out...involved, the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of these intermediates to form...Key words: electrocatalytic hydrogenation of catechol, pH-dependent...
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With Some 2,000 Illustrations and 50 Tables The Handbook of Homogeneous Hydrogenation, 3 Volumes Is A Must-Have For Everyone Working In The Chemicals And Pharmaceutical Industries.
M2 Presswire; 11/15/2006; 700+ words
; ...hydrogenationHomogeneous hydrogenation of CO2(Aromatic...and beta-ketoester hydrogenations (including mechanism)Asymmetric hydrogenation of alpha-ketoestersAsymmetric...hydrogenationsHomogeneous hydrogenations in neoteric solventsImmobilisation...
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hydrogenation
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
hydrogenation , chemical reaction of a substance...presence of a catalyst. A common hydrogenation is the hardening of animal fats or...the fat or oil molecule: Another hydrogenation is the synthesis of methanol from...
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Bergius, Friedrich
Dictionary entry from: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
...Bergius recognized that the hydrogenation-dehydrogenation balance...petroleum reserves, slight hydrogenation was found to be sufficient...however, required greater hydrogenation before it could be thermally...
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fats and oils
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...sometimes called hardening, involves hydrogenation of the unsaturated fatty-acid...by controlling the extent of hydrogenation, various products can be obtained. For example, controlled hydrogenation of cottonseed oil produces a solid...
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Aromaticity
Book article from: Chemistry: Foundations and Applications
...is by measuring its heat of hydrogenation. When hydrogen is added to...double bonds, its heat of hydrogenation should be about 360 kilojoules...contrast, its actual heat of hydrogenation is only about 210 kilojoules...
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protonation
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...with a base to form a salt (see acids and bases ; salts ). Protonation differs from hydrogenation in that during protonation a change in charge of the protonated species occurs, whereas the charge is unaffected during hydrogenation.
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