Xhosa Wars
Xhosa Wars (1779–1879) The wars between the Xhosa people and Dutch and British colonists along the east coast of Cape Colony, between the Great Fish and Great Kei rivers. From 1811 the policy of clearing the land of Xhosa people to make way for Europeans began and, following a year of fighting (1818–19), some 4000 British colonists were installed along the great Fish river. As they pushed the frontier east, however, the colonists met greater resistance, cattle raids resulting in retaliation. The war of 1834 to 1835 yielded 60,000 head of cattle to the colonists and was followed by the longer struggle of 1846 to 1853. The war of 1877 to 1879, which yielded 15,000 cattle and 20,000 sheep, was vainly fought by tribesmen returning from the diamond fields in a last bid to regain their land. Afterwards all Xhosa territory was incorporated as European farmland within Cape Colony.
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Auxin signaling in Arabidopsis leaf vascular development
Magazine article from: Plant Physiology; 3/1/2003; ; 700+ words
; Auxin Signaling in Arabidopsis Leaf Vascular Development1 A number of observations have implicated auxin in the formation of vascular tissues in plant...vascular strand formation in response to local auxin application, the effects of impaired auxin...
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Auxin Receptor Hides in Plain Sight
Magazine article from: The Scientist; 5/1/2007; ; 700+ words
; ...by a small molecule such as auxin. "The mechanism is novel...organism," says Estelle. Auxin's mode of control of gene...expression is elusive, and synthetic auxins are used as selective herbicides...Breaking an Animal Paradigm "The auxin story has been very difficult...
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Auxin Responsiveness of a Novel Cytochrome P450 in Rice Coleoptiles1
Magazine article from: Plant Physiology; 12/1/2003; ; 700+ words
; An early auxin-induced gene was isolated from rice...indole-3-acetic acid. This induction by auxin could not be suppressed by cycloheximide. Depletion of segments from endogenous auxin reduced the amount of CYP87A3 transcripts...
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Auxin acts in xylem-associated or medullary cells to mediate apical dominance
Magazine article from: Plant Cell; 2/1/2003; ; 700+ words
; A role for auxin in the regulation of shoot branching was...which proposes that apically derived auxin is transported basipetally directly into...observations in several species have shown that auxin does not enter axillary buds directly...
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Auxin-Dependent Cell Division and Cell Elongation. 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Activate Different Pathways1
Magazine article from: Plant Physiology; 3/1/2005; ; 700+ words
; ...of any exogenous auxin. The data are discussed...the two different auxins activate two different...differentiation. Auxins control several fundamental...physiological responses to auxin, the primary steps...cell division to auxin has been shown recently...2002). Different auxins ...
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Auxin Regulates Arabidopsis Anther Dehiscence, Pollen Maturation, and Filament Elongation(W)
Magazine article from: Plant Cell; 7/1/2008; ; 700+ words
; ...localization, synthesis, transport, and effects of auxin on the processes occurring late in Arabidopsis...preanthesis filament elongation. Expression of auxin-sensitive reporter constructs suggests that auxin effects begin in anthers between the end of...
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Auxin and ethylene response interactions during Arabidopsis root hair development dissected by auxin influx modulators
Magazine article from: Plant Physiology; 12/1/2002; ; 700+ words
; The plant hormones auxin and ethylene have been shown to play important...development. However, cross talk between auxin and ethylene makes it difficult to understand...ethylene-insensitive mutant ein2-1, and auxin influx mutants auxl-7, auxl-22...
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Auxin Dynamics after Decapitation Are Not Correlated with the Initial Growth of Axillary Buds1
Magazine article from: Plant Physiology; 7/1/2005; ; 700+ words
; ...roles identified for the plant hormone auxin is the mediation of apical dominance...decapitated plants. We have tested whether auxin inhibits the initial stage of bud release...rigorous examination of the dynamics of auxin level, auxin transport, and axillary...
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AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR7 Restores the Expression of Auxin-Responsive Genes in Mutant Arabidopsis Leaf Mesophyll Protoplasts(W)
Magazine article from: Plant Cell; 7/1/2005; ; 700+ words
; AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR? (ARF7) is one of five ARF transcriptional...activators in Arabidopsis thaliana that is proposed to regulate auxin-responsive expression of genes containing TGTCTC auxin response elements in their promoters. An Arabidopsis mutant...
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Auxin and cytokinin have opposite effects on amyloplast development and the expression of starch synthesis genes in cultured bright yellow-2 tobacco cells
Magazine article from: Plant Physiology; 10/1/1999; ; 700+ words
; Auxin and Cytokinin Have Opposite Effects on Amyloplast...Nicotiana tabacum) cells, the depletion of auxin (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in...changes in plastid morphology. The effects of auxin and cytokinin on amyloplast development were...
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auxin
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
auxin , plant hormone that...direction of plant growth. Auxins include both naturally...naturally, and synthetic auxins (e.g., 2,4...different amounts of auxins, a fact used to advantage...The principal natural auxin is indoleacetic acid...
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auxin-binding protein
Book article from: A Dictionary of Biology
auxin-binding protein A protein found in plant cells that binds auxins and thus may act as the initial receptor...cells. According to one model, auxin stimulates the cell by binding to an auxin-binding protein (ABP) on the...
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Hormones, Plant
Book article from: Biology
...pathways are available. Because auxins can have an effect in very low...regulate synthesis and disassembly of auxin very precisely. Auxins are produced in young shoots and...root. This polar movement of auxin is not well understood but requires...
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Hormones
Book article from: Plant Sciences
...hormones discovered were the auxins. (The term auxin is derived from a Greek...base. This polarity of auxin movement was an inherent...Other less-investigated auxins include phenyl-acetic...long used as a synthetic auxin but found to exist in...
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Hormonal Control and Development
Book article from: Plant Sciences
...functioning of the hormone. Biosynthesis. Auxin (indoleacetic acid, IAA) is synthesized...combination of diffusion and bulk transport. Auxin is special in that it is transported primarily...synthesized (termed polar transport ). Auxin enters the cell from the cell wall above...
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