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Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan A country lying east of the Caspian Sea and north of Iran.
Physical
Turkmenistan is in an arid region; it contains the greater part of the Kara Kum desert, which has important mineral resources. The oases produce cotton and mulberry trees (for silkworms), while livestock roam the semi-desert areas. Oil and natural gas are found in the west, on the Caspian coastal plain.
Economy
Turkmenistan is rich in mineral resources, including coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Other heavy industry concentrates on chemicals, engineering, and metal-processing; light industry includes carpet-making and food-and textile-processing. Cotton is the chief crop, and sheep, horses, and camels are raised.
History
Turkmen never experienced political unity until conquered by the Russians in 1869. Even then fierce resistance lasted until 1881, and there was a rebellion in 1916. In 1918 a Social Revolutionary Transcaspian Republic was proclaimed. It was briefly supported by British troops until April 1919, after which it was conquered by the Red Army. In 1924 the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic was formed, and incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1925. It declared its sovereignty in August 1990 and its independence in October 1991. Turkmenistan joined the
COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (CIS) in 1991. A new constitution in March 1992 increased the powers of its executive President Saparmuradi Niyazov, and allowed only ethnic Turkmen to work in state enterprises. The extension of President Niyazov's term of office was approved in a referendum in 1994. Legislative elections later that year were won by the former communists, renamed the Turkmen Democratic Party.
Capital: | Ashkhabad |
Area: | 488,100 sq km (186,400 sq miles) |
Population: | 4,731,000 (1998 est) |
Currency: | 1 manat = 100 tenesi |
Religions: | Sunni Muslim; Eastern Orthodox; Baha'i |
Ethnic Groups: | Turkmen 72.0%; Russian 9.0%; Uzbek 9.0%; Kazakh minority |
Languages: | Turkoman (official); Russian; minority languages |
International Organizations: | UN; CSCE; Commonwealth of Independent States; North Atlantic Cooperation Council |
Cite this article
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Turkmenistan Government Announces New Turkmenistan 2000 Oil & Gas Licensing Initiative.
Business Wire; 3/28/2000; 700+ words
; Business/Energy Editors ASHGABAT, Turkmenistan--(BUSINESS WIRE)--March 28, 2000 The Turkmenistan Government has announced a new licensing initiative, "Turkmenistan 2000." This initiative offers foreign investors the chance to negotiate...
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Turkmenistan Gas Markets Investment Opportunities, Market Analysis and Forecasts to 2020.
News Wire article from: M2 Presswire; 5/26/2009; 700+ words
; ...2009-Research and Markets: Turkmenistan Gas Markets Investment Opportunities...researchandmarkets.com/research/93bfd8/turkmenistan_gas_m) has announced the...of GlobalData 's new report "Turkmenistan Gas Markets Investment Opportunities...
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Turkmenistan faces challenges in developing reserves.
Magazine article from: Pipeline & Gas Journal; 7/1/2004; 700+ words
; Turkmenistan is a world leader in recoverable gas reserves and...ship Turkmen gas to world markets. As a result, Turkmenistan is increasing production of LNG. Gas Potential Turkmenistan is a world leader in terms of recoverable reserves...
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Turkmenistan's Gas Reserves May Exceed 38 TCM.
Newspaper article from: APS Review Gas Market Trends; 10/20/2008; 700+ words
; ...that the first results of its audit of Turkmenistan's proven gas reserves, under the...British firm which it believes are huge. Turkmenistan is thus closing its gap with Russia...studies were completed and confirmed, Turkmenistan will have reserves of 38.4 TCM...
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TURKMENISTAN: ECONOMY FACING BRIGHTER PROSPECTS.
Newspaper article from: IPR Strategic Business Information Database; 1/11/2000; ; 700+ words
; (By Michael Lelyveld) Turkmenistan's government is again showing...2000 (RFE/RL) -- Last week, Turkmenistan's President Saparmurat Niyazov...in dismissing the chairman of Turkmenistan's Vneshekonombank for a series...
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Turkmenistan: a kind of prosperity.
Magazine article from: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists; 1/1/1994; ; 700+ words
; ...encouragement of Russian bayonets, Turkmenistan was hitched to the Russian Empire at...100-year anniversary celebration of Turkmenistan's "voluntary" annexation to Russia...fellow citizens that Russia had snatched Turkmenistan by force. After the victorious campaign...
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Turkmenistan Oil Markets Investment Opportunities, Market Analysis and Forecasts to 2020 Report - Now Available.
M2 Presswire; 5/28/2009; 700+ words
; ...2009-Research and Markets: Turkmenistan Oil Markets Investment Opportunities...researchandmarkets.com/research/0bd9bd/turkmenistan_oil_m) has announced the...of GlobalData 's new report "Turkmenistan Oil Markets Investment Opportunities...
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Turkmenistan looks away from Russia to Europe.
News Wire article from: Times of Central Asia; 5/1/2009; 700+ words
; ...2009, (TCA Editions) -- Turkmenistan has announced that it is seeking...burgeoning gas romance between Turkmenistan and the EU which is set to undermine...control. Relations between Turkmenistan and Moscow deteriorated sharply...
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Chinese, Turkmenistan presidents pledge to promote cooperation in various fields
News Wire article from: Xinhua News Agency; 4/3/2006; 700+ words
; Chinese, Turkmenistan presidents pledge to promote cooperation...Chinese President Hu Jintao and his Turkmenistan counterpart Saparmurat Niyazov held...during their talks. Hu said China and Turkmenistan have enjoyed smooth development of...
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Ukraine, Turkmenistan set gas price for 2006.
Newspaper article from: Russia & CIS Business and Financial Newswire; 2/28/2006; 700+ words
; Ukraine, Turkmenistan set gas price for 2006 KYIV. Feb 27...President Viktor Yushchenko said Ukraine and Turkmenistan have set gas prices for 2006. "We have signed an agreement with Turkmenistan in which we personally agreed with the...
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Turkmenistan
Encyclopedia entry from: Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of Physical Geography
Turkmenistan Official name: Turkmenistan Area: 488,100 square kilometers (188,456 square miles...None Territorial sea limits: None 1 LOCATION AND SIZE Turkmenistan is located in central Asia, sharing borders with Kazakhstan...
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Turkmenistan and Turkmen
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of Russian History
TURKMENISTAN AND TURKMEN The Turkmen are probably...live in Uzbekistan. The country of Turkmenistan itself is home to 4.8 million people...Turkmen. The significant minorities in Turkmenistan are Uzbeks (9.2%), Russians...
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Turkmens
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of World Cultures
...also referred to as Turkmenia or Turkmenistan. The majority of Turkmens of the former...within the present-day republic of Turkmenistan, although some communities are found...Iraq, and eastern Turkey. Location. Turkmenistan is the southernmost republic of the...
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Uzbekistan
Encyclopedia entry from: Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of Physical Geography
...1,161 kilometers (721 miles); Turkmenistan 1,621 kilometers (1,007 miles...in Central Asia, located north of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan, west of Tajikistan...Sarygamysh extends into the country from Turkmenistan in the southwest. DID YOU KNOW? The...
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Saparmurat Niyazov
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...Turkmen political leader, president of Turkmenistan (1991-2006). An engineer and member...Gorbachev in 1991 and became president of Turkmenistan when it declared its sovereignty later...and repressive authoritarian rule in Turkmenistan and created a self-glorifying personality...
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