Thirty Years War
Thirty Years War (1618–48) A series of conflicts, fought mainly in Germany, in which Protestant-Catholic rivalries and German constitutional issues were gradually subsumed in a European struggle. It began in 1618 with the Protestant Bohemian revolt against the future emperor
FERDINAND II; it embraced the last phase of the Dutch Revolts after 1621; and was concentrated in a Franco-Habsburg confrontation in the years after 1635.
By 1623 Ferdinand had emerged victorious in the Bohemian revolt, and with Spanish and Bavarian help had conquered the
PALATINATE of
FREDERICK V. But his German ambitions and his Spanish alliance aroused the apprehensions of Europe's Protestant nations and also of France. In 1625 Christian IV of Denmark renewed the war against the Catholic imperialists, as the leader of an anti-Habsburg coalition organized by the Dutch. After suffering a series of defeats at the hands of Tilly and Wallenstein, Denmark withdrew from the struggle at the Treaty of Lübeck (1629), and the emperor reached the summit of his power.
Sweden's entry into the war under
GUSTAVUS II (Adolphus) led to imperial reversals. After Gustavus was killed at Lützen (1632), the Swedish Chancellor Oxenstierna financed the Heilbronn League of German Protestants (1633), which broke up after a heavy military defeat at Nördlingen in 1634. In 1635 the Treaty of Prague ended the civil war within Germany, but in the same year France, in alliance with Sweden and the United Provinces, went to war with the Habsburgs. Most of the issues were settled after five years of negotiation at the Treaty of
WESTPHALIA in 1648, but the Franco-Spanish war continued until the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659.
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The Thirty Years' Wars: Dispatches and Diversions of a Radical Journalist 1965-1994.
Magazine article from: The Nation; 6/12/1995; ; 700+ words
; THE THIRTY YEARS' WARS: Dispatches and Diversions of a Radical...reading from, beginning to end The Thirty Years' Wars, I realized why it was that I so liked...forties-fifties, shaped by the second war and Dr. Kinsey, "radicalized" by...
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The Thirty Years' Wars: Dispatches and Diversions of a Radical Journalist, 1965-1994.(Brief Article)
Magazine article from: National Review; 2/26/1996; ; 608 words
; ...collection chronicles his political and personal odysseys over thirty years. The two were never separable for him: he once wrote...liberalism, permeated by bad faith and corrupted by the Cold War, was not a reliable ally. Kopkind hauls out liberal...
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The Thirty Years War: The Holy Roman Empire and Europe, 1618-48.(Review)
Magazine article from: Canadian Journal of History; 12/1/2000; ; 700+ words
; The Thirty Years War: The Holy Roman Empire and Europe...19.95 U.S. (paper). The Thirty Years War, fought largely within the...elsewhere in Europe) after the end of the Thirty Years War. I have little criticism of this book...
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An appeal for a historiographical renaissance: lost lives and the Thirty Years War.
Magazine article from: The Historian; 6/22/2005; ; 700+ words
; ...our knowledge of the Thirty Years War, it is to the authors of these...interpreted as the last major war attributed to the impact of the Protestant Reformation and the Wars of Religion, the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) was fought largely...
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Europe's second thirty years war: Ian Kershaw sees 1945 as a real watershed in Europe's history of the last century.(Cover Story)
Magazine article from: History Today; 9/1/2005; ; 700+ words
; ...yet the last fifty years of the twentieth century...history. Like the Thirty Years' War of 1618-48 and...Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars of 1793-1815, the...the unity of the two wars, we need look no further...who fought a second war to undo the consequences...The notion of ...
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The rhetoric of death and destruction in the Thirty Years War.
Magazine article from: Journal of Social History; 12/22/1993; ; 700+ words
; ...bad as in the previous year, so that the despair...the depredations of the Thirty Years War produced in localities...social history of the Thirty Years War to a greater...social impact of the Thirty Years War in Germany...
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Eyewitness Accounts of the Thirty Years War 1618-48.(Book Review)
Magazine article from: The Modern Language Review; 1/1/2004; ; 700+ words
; Eyewitness Accounts of the Thirty Years War 1618-48. By GEOFF MORTIMER...women with direct experience of the Thirty Years War, who present an individual...texts to correct our image of the Thirty Years War, while later ones (8...
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The Jesuits and the Thirty Years War: Kings, Courts, and Confessors
Magazine article from: The Catholic Historical Review; 7/1/2004; ; 700+ words
; The Jesuits and the Thirty Years War: Kings, Courts, and Confessors...Jesuit confessors in the politics of the Thirty Years' War. Adam Contzen and William...scholarship confirm received notions of the Thirty Years' War while others open up a...
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Identity, Interest and Action: A Cultural Explanation of Sweden's Intervention in the Thirty Years War.(Review)
Magazine article from: Scandinavian Studies; 3/22/1999; ; 700+ words
; ...s Intervention in the Thirty Years War. Cambridge Cultural Studies...Involvement in the Thirty Years War grew out of this situation...king took Sweden into the war to validate the state...Once we understand that wars involve not only questions...
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Denmark in the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648: King Christian IV and the Decline of the Oldenburg State.(Brief Article)
Magazine article from: The Historian; 3/22/1998; ; 700+ words
; Denmark in the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648. King Christian IV and...historians traditionally divide the Thirty Years' War, the Danish Period (1625...German than Danish; and who entered the Thirty Years' War to defend his "princely...
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Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)
Encyclopedia entry from: Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World
THIRTY YEARS' WAR (1618 – 1648) THIRTY YEARS' WAR (1618 – 1648). The Thirty Years' War was one of the greatest and longest armed...argued that it was a series of separate wars that happened to overlap in time and space...
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Thirty Years War
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Thirty Years War 1618-48, general...phase saw the German war expanded into an international...withdrew from the war and surrendered the...Sweden now came into the war. His territorial ambitions had embroiled him in wars with Poland, and he...
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Thirty Years' War
Book article from: The Renaissance
Thirty Years' War An international conflict...Europe from 1618 to 1648. The war was fought between Catholics...religious persecution and civil war to Germany. By the Peace...Westphalia followed in the next year. Over the three decades of...
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Dynasts, The; an Epic-Drama of the War with Napoleon, in Three Parts, Nineteen Acts and One Hundred and Thirty Scenes
Book article from: The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature
...The; an Epic-Drama of the War with Napoleon, in Three Parts...Nineteen Acts and One Hundred and Thirty Scenes, by T. Hardy , published...Napoleon. Part I opens with the year 1805, and Napoleon's threat...abdication of the king of Spain, and war in Spain, the divorce of Josephine...the Ancient ...
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thirty
Book article from: The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
...unspecified age between thirty and forty; the term was...thirties in the 1980s. Thirty Tyrants the magistrates...end of the Peloponnesian War; their repressive rule...and democracy restored. Thirty Years War a European war of 1618...
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