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Opium Wars
Opium Wars
Opium Wars (1839–42; 1856–60) Two wars between Britain and China. In the early 19th century British traders were illegally importing opium from India to China and trying to increase trade in general. In 1839 the Chinese government confiscated some 20,000 chests of opium from British warehouses in Guangzhou (Canton). In 1840 the British Foreign Secretary, Lord
PALMERSTON, sent a force of 16 British warships, which besieged Guangzhou and threatened Nanjing and communications with the capital. It ended with the Treaty of
NANJING (1842). In 1856 Chinese officials boarded and searched a British flagged ship, the
Arrow. The French joined the British in launching a military attack in 1857, at the end of which they demanded that the Chinese agree to the Treaty of Tianjin in 1858. This opened further ports to Western trade and provided freedom of travel to European merchants and Christian missionaries inland. When the emperor refused to ratify the agreement, Beijing was occupied, after which, by the Beijing Convention (1860), the Tianjin Agreement was accepted. By 1900 the number of treaty ports had risen to over 50, with all European colonial powers, as well as the USA, being granted trading concessions.
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Opium, State, and Society: China's Narco-Economy and the Guomindang, 1924-1937. (Reviews).(Book Review)
Magazine article from: China Review International; 9/22/2001; ; 700+ words
; ...the Western scholarly literature on opium in China was both numerically meager...chronologically narrow. Arthur Waley's The Opium War through Chinese Eyes and Chang Hsin-pao's Commissioner Lin and the Opium War introduced the collegiate world...
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Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839-1952.(Book Review)
Magazine article from: Journal of World History; 6/1/2004; ; 700+ words
; ...in its attempts to forge an opium regime. Ultimately, the Nationalists...forcing the National Anti-Opium Association to disband in 1937...paper, by gaining control over opium supply and distribution. But...undone by the outbreak of the war with Japan in 1937, the Nationalist...
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Opium takes over entire Afghan families, villages
News Wire article from: AP Worldstream; 8/10/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...supplies nearly all the world's opium, the raw ingredient used to...There are at least 200,000 opium and heroin addicts in Afghanistan...Afghanistan's back-to-back wars and desperate poverty. Unlike...from this child to pay for my opium, he says, pointing to his...
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Opium steals Afghan lives away.(Front)
Newspaper article from: The Virginian Pilot; 8/10/2009; 700+ words
; ...supplies nearly all the world's opium, the raw ingredient used to...There are at least 200,000 opium and heroin addicts in Afghanistan...Afghanistan's back-to-back wars and desperate poverty. Unlike...from this child to pay for my opium," he says, pointing to his...
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The Opium Empire: Japanese Imperialism and Drug Trafficking in Asia, 1895-1945
Magazine article from: Journal of Third World Studies; 4/1/2002; ; 700+ words
; ...found Japan guilty of the war crime of deliberately...China as a result of the Opium War, ending in 1842...Korea, by the time that opium use was banned in 1914...By the end of World War I, narcotics production...stop the smuggling of opium throughout China. Jennings...
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Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839-1952. (Book Reviews).
Magazine article from: Pacific Affairs; 12/22/2001; ; 700+ words
; ...of important aspects of the opium phenomenon that are slighted...has much to say about what opium meant to those who consumed...Trocki's very important Opium, Empire, and the Global Political...globalism, consumerism and wars on drugs will find much food...
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 "Post-Tribune (IN)")
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OPIUM RESURGES IN U.S. SOUTHEAST ASIAN COMMUNITY
Newspaper article from: Post-Tribune (IN); 12/25/1987; 700+ words
; ...inspectors collected 321 pounds of opium in the mail. This year, they...1,014 pounds. The current opium explosion has its roots in the...the American government in its war against communist insurgents...their hillsides, using the opium derived from the plants as a...
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Opium Cultivation In Afghanistan Down Sharply, Report Says
Newspaper article from: The Washington Post; 9/2/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...diminishing." The area under opium poppy cultivation fell this year...decline after a rapid growth of opium farming since the war began in 2001, according to the United Nations' 2009 Afghanistan Opium Survey. Twenty of the country...
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Opium growth and addiction soar in Laos: Locals, Western tourists use drug.(World)(Briefing/Pacific Rim)
Newspaper article from: The Washington Times; 5/2/1997; ; 700+ words
; ...price. In another hut, an opium dealer weighed more of the clayish...warplanes during the Vietnam War. Today, tribes of Akha, Lahu...struggling with the ravages of opium addiction while eagerly offering...against a variety of ills. Their opium huts on stilts, with their...
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Opium addictions grip families in Afghanistan's remote villages
Newspaper article from: The Boston Globe; 8/9/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...supplies nearly all the world's opium, the raw ingredient used to...There are at least 200,000 opium and heroin addicts in Afghanistan...Afghanistan's back-to-back wars and desperate poverty. Unlike...from this child to pay for my opium," he says, pointing to his...
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opium
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...set the stage for the Opium Wars . Chinese emigrants to the United...transcontinental railroad, brought the opium-smoking habit to the West Coast. During the 19th cent. opium was grown in the United States...patent medicines, and smoking in opium dens was unhindered, resulting...wounded ...
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Opium Wars
Encyclopedia entry from: International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
Opium Wars Opium Wars is a term referring to two wars that Britain fought against imperial China in...stop the growing influx of foreign-produced opium. The real cause of the first Opium War (1839 – 1842), also called the...
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Opium War
Book article from: The Oxford Companion to British History
Opium War. See China wars .
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Asia, Drug Use in
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior
...In an attempt to cut the supply of opium, the Chinese government tried to...British trade. This resulted in the Opium wars (1839-1842), but Britain won the war and the right to continue trading opium to China. The different responses...
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Rolleston Report of 1926 (U.K.)
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior
...fighting and winning two Opium Wars with China: Opium grown and...legislation ending commercial opium trading and restricting opium and cocaine to "legitimate...practice." The Indo-Chinese opium trade ended in 1914. These...Versailles Treaty that ended World War I. "Legitimate ...
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