decolonization
A Dictionary of Contemporary World History
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2004
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© A Dictionary of Contemporary World History 2004, originally published by Oxford University Press 2004. (Hide copyright information)
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decolonization The gradual dismantling of
Imperialism which began after World War I as Germany had to give up its colonies and the British Dominions were granted virtual independence by the Statute of
Westminster in 1931. It accelerated greatly after World War II, when the weakness of the traditional imperial powers (especially Britain, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands) had been exposed by their inability to survive against
Hitler and defend their colonies without US help. Marginalized by the two superpowers, the USA and the USSR, European powers had no choice but to relinquish their imperial role, though many countries, most notably France (
Indochina, Algeria), Belgium (Congo), the Netherlands (Indonesia), and Portugal (Angola, Mozambique) did so with great reluctance.
Table 6. Decolonization during the twentieth century
Country (colonial name) | Colonized | Independent | Colonial power |
Algeria | 1830–70 | 1962 | France |
Angola | 1491 | 1975 | Portugal |
Bangladesh | 18th century | 1971 | East Pakistan until 1974 |
Belize (British Honduras) | 1782 | 1981 | UK |
Botswana (Bechuanaland) | 1885 | 1966 | UK |
Burkina Faso (French West Africa) | 1896 | 1960 | France |
Cambodia | 1863 | 1953 | France |
Cameroon | 1884 | 1960/1 | Germany; UK/France from 1916 |
Central African Republic (French Equatorial Africa) | 1894 | 1960 | France |
Chad (French Equatorial Africa) | 1910 | 1960 | France |
Congo (French Equatorial Africa) | 1888 | 1960 | France |
Congo, Democratic Republic of (Belgian Congo) | 1885 | 1960 | Belgium |
Côte d'Ivoire (French West Africa) | 1893 | 1960 | France |
Ethiopia (Abyssinia) | 1936 | 1941 | Italy |
Gabon (French Equatorial Africa) | 1886 | 1960 | France |
Gambia | 1843 | 1965 | UK |
Ghana (Gold Coast) | 1850 | 1957 | UK |
Guyana (Guiana) | 1796 | 1966 | UK |
Hong Kong | 1843 | 1997 | UK |
India | 18th/19th century | 1947 | UK |
Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) | 1602 | 1949 | The Netherlands |
Jamaica | 1655 | 1962 | UK |
Kenya | 1895 | 1963 | UK |
Laos (French Indochina) | 1893 | 1954 | France |
Lesotho (Basutoland) | 1868 | 1966 | UK |
Lybia | 1912 | 1951 | Italy |
Macao | 1557 | 1999 | Portugal |
Madagascar | 1896 | 1960 | France |
Malawi (Nyasaland) | 1891 | 1964 | UK |
Malaysia (Malaya) | 1867 | 1963 | UK |
Mali (Soudan/French West Africa) | 1904 | 1960 | France |
Malta | 1814 | 1964 | UK |
Mozambique | 1508 | 1975 | Portugal |
Myanmar (Burma) | 1886 | 1948 | UK |
Namibia (Southwest Africa) | 1884 | 1990 | Germany; South Africa from 1920 |
Niger (French West Africa) | 1921 | 1960 | France |
Nigeria | 1861 | 1960 | UK |
Pakistan (India) | 19th century | 1947 | UK |
Papua New Guinea (New Guinea) | 1884 | 1975 | Germany; Australia/UK from 1914 |
Philippines | 1898 | 1946 | USA |
Sierra Leone | 1808 | 1961 | UK |
Singapore | 1867 | 1965 | Part of Malaya until 1965 |
Somalia | 1885/1905 | 1960 | Italy |
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) | 1796 | 1948 | UK |
Surinam | 1667 | 1975 | The Netherlands |
Tanzania (East Africa/ Tanganyika) | 1885 | 1961 | Germany; UK from 1919; United with Zanzibar 1964 |
Togo | 1884 | 1960 | Germany (France from 1914) |
Trinidad and Tobago | 1797 | 1962 | UK |
Tunisia | 1883 | 1956 | France |
Uganda | 1896 | 1962 | UK |
Vietnam (French Indochina) | 1862–87 | 1954 | France |
Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) | 1899/1911 | 1964 | UK |
Zimbabwe ((Southern) Rhodesia) | 1891 | 1980 | UK |
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