Beneš, Edvard
A Dictionary of Contemporary World History
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2004
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© A Dictionary of Contemporary World History 2004, originally published by Oxford University Press 2004. (Hide copyright information)
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Beneš, Edvard (b. 28 May 1884, d. 3 Sept. 1948). President of Czechoslovakia 1935–8, 1945–8. Born in Kozlány (Bohemia), he was educated in Prague and at the Sorbonne (Paris), and became a lecturer in economics at Prague University before World War I. In 1914 he fled from Prague to Paris, where he helped
Masaryk to form the Czechoslovak National Council. He became the leader of the Czech National Socialist Party, and was Czech delegate at the
Paris Peace Conference. As Foreign Minister (1918–35) he established the twin aims of foreign policy until 1938. The
Little Entente was created in 1921 to prevent the restoration of the Habsburg King Charles in Hungary. The Czechoslovak-French treaty of 1924 was designed to guarantee the country's independence. As one-time Prime Minister (1921–2), and one of Masaryk's closest allies, he was the natural successor to the presidency following Masaryk's resignation. A pragmatist as well as a nationalist, he grudgingly accepted Slovak demands for recognition of their distinctiveness, and was even prepared to surrender the
Sudetenland in return for peace with Germany. Ultimately, however, he resigned in solidarity with the entire Cabinet over the
Munich Agreement.
Benes went into exile and taught in the USA until the outbreak of war, when he became head of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in 1939, first in Paris, and then in London. He had no ideological prejudices against
Stalin, and believed that after the war there would be a ‘convergence’, whereby the USSR would become more
capitalist, and Western Europe more
socialist. This explains his willingness to accept the growing power of the Czechoslovak Communist Party under
Gottwald in his postwar government, and his failure to mobilize opposition against the Communist takeover of the state in February 1948. Indeed, he agreed to stay on as President, resigning only on 6 May 1948.
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Spontaneous Mutations in Diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae: More Beneficial Than Expected
Magazine article from: Genetics; 12/1/2004; ; 700+ words
; ...all fitness-altering mutations are deleterious. The mutation rate was estimated as 6...spontaneously arising beneficial mutations, the genome-wide mutation rate, and the average effect of spontaneous mutations. Our study improves on...
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Mutations Linked to HBV Levels in IFN-Treated Patients.
Newspaper article from: Hepatitis Weekly; 8/30/1999; ; 700+ words
; ...determination of these two mutations and viral levels...core promoter mutation appeared to occur...induce any specific mutations. Core promoter mutation appeared to develop...of the precore mutation, and the virus with these two mutations seemed to be the...
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Mutations In the PSTI Gene Associated With Pancreatitis.
Newspaper article from: Gene Therapy Weekly; 12/27/2001; 700+ words
; ...say. Instead, it involves mutations in the gene that causes the...fold in people having two mutations in the gene responsible for...fold in people having a mutation known as N34S in the pancreatic...medicine at UNC. "When they had mutations in both of these genes, the...
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Mutations In the PSTI Gene Associated With Pancreatitis.(pancreatic secretory trypson inhibitor)
Newspaper article from: Immunotherapy Weekly; 12/26/2001; 700+ words
; ...say. Instead, it involves mutations in the gene that causes the...fold in people having two mutations in the gene responsible for...fold in people having a mutation known as N34S in the pancreatic...medicine at UNC. "When they had mutations in both of these genes, the...
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Mutations in melanocortin 4 receptor gene linked to binge-eating behavior.
Newspaper article from: Genomics & Genetics Weekly; 5/2/2003; 700+ words
; ...association was found between mutations in the leptin-binding region...of the subjects possessed mutations in the region of POMC that...characteristic of subjects with a mutation in MC4R, a candidate gene...melanocortin 4 receptor gene mutations. New England Journal of Medicine...
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Mutations affecting lipoprotein phenotype in South European FH patients identified.
Newspaper article from: Health & Medicine Week; 1/5/2004; 700+ words
; ...of the R3500Q mutation on lipoprotein...receptor (LDLR) mutations." To rectify...due to R3500Q mutation. FH patients carrying missense mutations affecting the...receptor gene mutations and the R3500Q mutation of the apoB gene...
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Cystic fibrosis mutations and associated haplotypes in Turkish cystic fibrosis patients
Magazine article from: Human Biology; 4/1/2001; ; 700+ words
; ...associated with unknown mutations. The mutation spectrum of CF in...TURKISH POPULATION, MUTATION SCREENING, HAPLOTYPES Mutations in the cystic fibrosis...of unidentified mutations. In populations...heterogeneity, mutation analysis can be...
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Mutations in K-ras Codon 12 Detected in Plasma DNA Are Not an Indicator of Disease in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Magazine article from: Clinical Chemistry; 7/1/2005; ; 700+ words
; ...significantly to mutation detection (in their case, K-ras mutations in the plasma of...note that K-ras mutations have been detected...observed K-ras mutation in 2 volunteers...the detection of mutations in codon 12 of...
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Mutation Rate Variation at Human Dinucleotide Microsatellites
Magazine article from: Genetics; 5/1/2005; ; 700+ words
; ...locus, even though their mutation rates are several orders of...Furthermore, the estimates of mutation rates with direct methods...of the observed number of mutations over several loci, scored...reasonable estimates of the average mutation rate of a group of microsatellite...
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Mutation panel described for screening BRCA1/2 mutations in French Canadians.
Magazine article from: Women's Health Weekly; 12/30/2004; 700+ words
; ...Oros and coauthors said their "results define a new mutation panel for screening BRCA1/2 mutations and the phenotype of mutation-positive families harboring the common mutations in the French Canadian population." Oros and coauthors...
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Mutation Rate
Book article from: Genetics
Mutation Rate Mutation rate refers to the frequency of new mutations per generation in an...organism or a population. Mutation rates can be determined...influencing observed mutation rates is the means by which mutations are detected, as some...
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Mutations
Book article from: World of Microbiology and Immunology
Mutations A mutation is any change in...the source of the mutation, the genetic alteration...individual gene . Mutations may have little...gene. Nonsense mutations are also single...product. Another mutation involves the alteration...
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Mutation
Book article from: Biology
Mutation Mutations are physical changes in genes...in the gametes (germ-line mutation). Mutations may be caused by natural events...This is called a frame-shift mutation. Frame-shift mutations almost always result in nonfunctional...
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mutation
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...Sometimes the word mutation is used broadly...in chromosomal mutations the number of...can be a higher mutation rate of all genes...organism. Induced Mutations Mutations may...of detecting mutations that are lethal. Mutation and Evolution...
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Gene Mutation
Encyclopedia entry from: The Gale Encyclopedia of Science
...within a gene can be nonsense mutations (which cause protein synthesis to stop prematurely), missense mutations (a mutation that results an a substitution...another in a protein), or silent mutations that cause no detectable change...
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