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public schools
A Dictionary of British History
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2004
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© A Dictionary of British History 2004, originally published by Oxford University Press 2004. (Hide copyright information)
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public schools During the Middle Ages, the grammar school provided education for poor scholars intended for the church and for the sons of noblemen. This included such schools as
Eton and
Winchester. By the 18th cent. a number of ‘Great Schools’ had emerged, including
Harrow,
Rugby, Sherborne, and Canterbury. Other changes during the early 19th cent. stimulated the demand for public schools. Reforms in public schools were introduced by heads such as Samuel Butler at Shrewsbury (1793–1836), and Dr Thomas
Arnold at Rugby (1828–42), who were clerics. The school chapel became the focal point of life, discipline was enforced through prefects, and team games emphasized.
Criticism of some of the public schools was so persistent that a royal commission was appointed in 1861, under Lord
Clarendon, to investigate conditions in the nine large public schools Winchester, Eton, Westminster, Charterhouse, Harrow, Rugby, Shrewsbury, St Paul's, and Merchant Taylors'. Whilst broadly satisfied, the commissioners made a number of recommendations which were embodied in the Public Schools Act (1868). Governing bodies were reformed and schools such as Harrow developed a modern side.
Attempts were made in the 20th cent. to bridge the gap between public schools and the state‐provided sector. The Fleming Report (1944) and the first report of the Public Schools Commission (1968) (Newsom) were impracticable. The second report (1970) (Donnison) was more positive, but the advent of a Conservative government avoided further threats. The term public school has now been superseded by independent school.
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For December 9, 2009, CBS
Transcript from: CBS Morning News; 12/9/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...Democratic Senate negotiators to drop the public option insurance plan.And The Tiger...the worst of the storm arrived, many schools cancelled classes.Here in the Upper...does not support a plan to get rid of the public option.Michelle.MICHELLE GIELAN...
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EVENING NEWS for December 9, 2009, CBS
Transcript from: CBS Evening News; 12/9/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...closer to agreement on health care, but it may come without the public option many Democrats wanted.A child in desperate need of...the storm barreled eastward on 50-mile-an-hour winds, schools by the hundreds were closed from Kansas to the Dakotas to Ohio...
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Reading Practice Can Strengthen Brain 'Highways'
Transcript from: NPR All Things Considered; 12/9/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...group being kids with typical reading skills. During the next school year, some of the poor readers were enrolled in programs that...Neuron. Jon Hamilton, NPR News. Copyright 2005 National Public Radio, Inc.. All rights reserved.
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Hard Times Even Harder For Migrant Laborers
Transcript from: NPR Morning Edition; 12/10/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...m., the Hoke County Pubic School migrant academy opens its doors...SANCHEZ: Carlos is too young for school, but Galvan brought him because...family have had to turn to the schools for help. Ms. GALVAN...kids have fallen behind in school, like Jose Hernandez, a short...News. Copyright 2005 National ...
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Exploring Fallout Of Climate E-Mails
Transcript from: NPR Weekend All Things Considered; 12/6/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...JUDITH CURRY (Chairwoman, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences...was never intended to be made public. It's you know, when somebody...Judith Curry is the chair of the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences...you. Copyright 2005 National Public Radio, Inc.. All rights reserved...
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Obama's Afghanistan Plan Marks Strategy Shift
Transcript from: NPR Weekend All Things Considered; 12/5/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...Analysis, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School; Retired U.S. Army Special Forces...senior lecturer at the Naval Postgraduate School and a former Special Forces officer...you very much. Copyright 2005 National Public Radio, Inc.. All rights reserved.
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Alabama, Texas To Meet In BCS Title Game
Transcript from: NPR Morning Edition; 12/7/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...should start by noting that the big name schools made it in. Alabama and Texas have the...BCS conferences, where those 66 power schools reside, because they went undefeated...is NPR News. Copyright 2005 National Public Radio, Inc.. All rights reserved.
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Move Over MacGyver, Other Shows Make Science Fun
Transcript from: NPR Morning Edition; 12/7/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...go to speak at engineering schools, they're treated like rock...Mindy Bedrossian is a high school science teacher in Strongsville...her. BLAIR: But as a high school teacher, Bedrossian says her...little science TV for the pre-school set. So she commissioned to...News. Copyright 2005 National ...
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Transcript from: Washington Transcript Service; 12/3/2009; 700+ words
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EPA: Greenhouse Gases Threaten Health
Transcript from: NPR All Things Considered; 12/7/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...that greenhouse gases endanger public health and welfare. She cited...before they step in and protect public health. SHOGREN: Professor...law at Columbia University Law School. He says there's no doubt...Washington. Copyright 2005 National Public Radio, Inc.. All rights reserved...
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SIC 2021 Creamery Butter
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of American Industries
...and fast-food operations), institutions (hospitals and schools), and industrial customers (bakeries). At the retail level...butter developed to use up surpluses during a period of lowered public consumption, has been used by the confectionery and baking...
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SIC 2121 Cigars
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of American Industries
...maintaining cigar industry statistics, public relations efforts, and lobbying federal...in 1996. Laws prohibiting smoking in public places, increased taxes on tobacco products...smoking was still high, even among high school students. Current Conditions The cigar...
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SIC 2531 Public Building and Related Furniture
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of American Industries
...in manufacturing furniture for public use in schools, theaters, assembly halls, churches...tables, and blackboards. The public building and related furniture category also includes seating for public conveyances such as automobiles...
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SIC 3553 Woodworking Machinery
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of American Industries
...was a shortage of qualified and trained workers. Technical schools were not graduating students knowledgeable in woodworking...WMIA) sent an interactive CD-ROM recruitment kit to high school students and guidance counselors, educating them about the...Deborah J., ed. Ward's Business Directory of US Private and ...
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SIC 0741 Veterinary Services for Livestock
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of American Industries
...livestock disease and the protection of the public from animal diseases in the 2000s. These...hogs, and sheep. A growing concern for public health in relation to the meat supply...the late 1800s, however, veterinary schools i
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