Balliol, Edward
A Dictionary of British History
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2004
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© A Dictionary of British History 2004, originally published by Oxford University Press 2004. (Hide copyright information)
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Balliol, Edward (
c.1280–1364). Son of John
Balliol, king of Scots, and himself titular king of Scots (1332–56). He had good prospects in youth, being betrothed in 1295 to the niece of the French king, and recognized as heir to the Scottish throne as late as 1301. But the Wars of Independence marginalized the Balliols, and after his father's death in 1313 Edward lived in obscurity in Picardy.
Edward III's coup in England (1330) opened up new possibilities. There were others who had lost Scottish estates, and in 1331, Balliol returned to England and put himself at the head of a group of ‘disinherited’. Landing at Kinghorn they were at first dramatically successful: after a victory at
Dupplin Moor (11 August 1332), Balliol was made king at Scone. By the end of the year, however, he had been forced to flee ignominiously to England. This provoked Edward III to intervene in person, defeating the Scots at
Halidon Hill (19 July 1333), and reimposing Balliol as king. In 1334 Balliol had to pay the price, performing homage to Edward for his kingdom, and ceding much of southern Scotland to Edward III's direct rule.
There followed five years of devastating guerrilla warfare. Though he himself took part in several expeditions, he was evidently only the agent of Edward III. In 1356, disgusted with his prospects and burdened by age, he resigned his title to Edward III in return for a pension.
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