Orcagna, Andrea

Orcagna, Andrea ( Andrea di Cione) (d. c.1368). The leading Florentine artist of the third quarter of the 14th century, a painter, sculptor, architect, and administrator. His nickname ‘Orcagna’ was evidently local slang for ‘Arcangelo’ (‘Archangel’). In 1343/4 he was admitted to the painters' guild in Florence and in 1352 to that of the masons. His only certain work as a painter is the altarpiece of The Redeemer with the Madonna and Saints (1354–7) in the Strozzi Chapel of S. Maria Novella. This is the most powerful Florentine painting of its period, and in spite of the massiveness of the figures it represents a reversion from Giotto's naturalism to the hieratic ideals of Byzantine art. Colours are resplendent, with lavish use of gold, and the figures are remote and immobile. Among paintings attributed to Orcagna, the most important is a fragmentary fresco trilogy of the Triumph of Death, Last Judgement, and Hell in S. Croce. As a sculptor and architect he is known through one work, the tabernacle in Orsanmichele (finished 1359), a highly elaborate ornamental structure housing a painting of the Virgin Enthroned by Bernardo Daddi. Orcagna was capomaestro of Orvieto Cathedral from 1358 to 1362, supervising the mosaic decoration of the façade. He was also an adviser on the construction of Florence Cathedral. During 1368 he fell mortally ill while painting the St Matthew altarpiece (Uffizi, Florence) and this work was finished by his brother Jacopo di Cione (d. 1398/1400), who worked in his style and continued it to the end of the century. Another brother, Nardo di Cione (d. 1365/6), was also a painter. Ghiberti attributes to him the series of frescos of the Last Judgement, Hell, and Paradise in the same chapel in S. Maria Novella that houses Andrea's great altarpiece. A fourth brother, Matteo di Cione (d. c.1390), was a sculptor, but almost nothing is known of his work.