high crosses

high crosses, free‐standing stone crosses, often of monumental proportion, associated principally with Irish monastic sites. On the basis of style and occasional inscriptions the majority of crosses are dated to the 9th or 10th centuries, a time when high‐quality stone carving was rare in the rest of Europe. A revival of cross carving was experienced during the 12th century.

The crosses generally consist of a tall shaft and ringed cross head mounted on a solid stepped base. Some crosses are also surmounted by a capstone. The ring is the most distinctive feature of the crosses. Its origins are obscure; it may have symbolic connotations, or reflect the form of wooden prototypes.

Many of the crosses are elaborately carved. The surfaces of those dating from the 9th or 10th centuries are often divided into panels, some depicting biblical scenes, others with abstract ornament comparable to contemporary metal‐work and illuminated manuscripts. Decoration on the later 12th‐century crosses is less contained and extends over the entire surface of the cross.

The function of the crosses is uncertain. They may have served as boundary markers, as didactic aids during outdoor masses, or as monastic status symbols.

Rachel Moss