‘close’ and ‘open’ boroughs
The Oxford Companion to Irish History
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2007
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© The Oxford Companion to Irish History 2007, originally published by Oxford University Press 2007. (Hide copyright information)
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‘close’ and ‘open’ boroughs, contemporary terms distinguishing between those parliamentary boroughs that were under the control of a single patron and those—the eight county boroughs along with Derry and Swords, Co. Dublin—in which large electorates ensured that a genuine contest was at least possible. See
franchise.
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Anatoli Vasilyevich Lunacharsky
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Anatoli Vasilyevich Lunacharsky , 1875-1933, Russian revolutionary, dramatist, and critic. He began his revolutionary career in 1892 and joined the Bolshevik...
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