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atmosphere
atmosphere
atmosphere Envelope of gases surrounding the Earth and shielding it from the harsh environment of space. The gases it contains are vital to life. About 95% by weight of the Earth's atmosphere lies below the 25km (15mi) altitude; the mixture of gases in the lower atmosphere is commonly called air. The atmosphere's composition by weight is: nitrogen 78.09%, oxygen 20.9%, argon 0.93%, 0.03% of carbon dioxide, plus 0.05% of hydrogen, the inert gases and varying amounts of water vapour. The atmosphere can be conceived as concentric shells; the innermost is the
troposphere, in which dust and water vapour create clouds and weather. The
stratosphere extends from 10–55km (8–36mi) and is cooler and clearer and contains ozone. Above, to a height of 70km (43mi), is the
mesosphere in which chemical reactions occur, powered by sunlight. The temperature climbs steadily in the thermosphere, which gives way to the
exosphere at
c.400km (250mi), where helium and hydrogen may be lost into space. The
ionosphere ranges from
c.50km (30mi) out into the
Van Allen radiation belts.
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Atmosphere Networks Spearheads Industry-Wide Interoperability Initiative With Leading Telecommunications Vendors.
Business Wire; 10/29/1998; 700+ words
; ...BUSINESS WIRE)--Oct. 29, 1998-- Atmosphere Completes First Successful Interoperability...Based on New Organization's Direction Atmosphere Networks(TM), a leader in data...Transport Activity), was founded by Atmosphere Networks along with ADC Telecommunications...
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Atmospheres for the hardening of steel. (furnace atmospheres)(includes related article)(Heat Treating Progress)
Magazine article from: Advanced Materials & Processes; 3/1/1995; ; 700+ words
; ...no scale. Inert atmospheres Types of atmospheres may be categorized...hydrogen. An inert atmosphere of high-purity...for this type of atmosphere. Although in some...parts using inert atmospheres, changes in the...
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ATMOSPHERES FOR ANNEALING ELECTRICAL STEELS.
Magazine article from: Advanced Materials & Processes; 10/1/1999; ; 700+ words
; ...exothermically generated atmosphere (7.5 air/natural...H.sub.2]O atmospheres used for decarburization...exothermically generated atmosphere containing decarburizing...content in the furnace atmosphere, which will increase...potential. Therefore, atmospheres having a higher hydrogen...
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Atmosphere Networks Inks Distribution Deal with Walker and Associates.
Business Wire; 2/2/1999; 700+ words
; ...Agreement Extends Distribution of Atmosphere's Products and Enables Walker and...Products to the Rapidly Growing CLEC Market Atmosphere Networks, the leader in data-aware...alliance, Walker and Associates will offer Atmosphere's packet-ready solution for efficient...
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Atmosphere Networks Showcases Commercially-Available, Data-Aware SONET/SDH Multiplexer At Next Generation Networks.
Business Wire; 10/30/1998; 700+ words
; ...BUSINESS WIRE)--Oct. 30, 1998-- Atmosphere Participates in New Data-Aware Transport...D.A.T.A.) Group Exhibit; Atmosphere's CEO Speaks About Next Generation SONET Rings Atmosphere Networks, a leader in data-aware...
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Atlantic Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction: A Stochastic Climate Model-Based Diagnosis
Magazine article from: Journal of Climate; 4/1/2005; ; 700+ words
; ...extratropical wintertime ocean-atmosphere coupling is used to diagnose...interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere in a fully coupled general circulation...influence of the ocean on the atmosphere can be difficult to estimate...
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Adobe Atmosphere Player for Adobe Reader Expands the Power of Adobe PDF with 3-D Content.
Business Wire; 9/9/2003; 700+ words
; ...BUSINESS WIRE)--Sept. 9, 2003 Adobe Atmosphere Player Wins Seybold 2003 "Hot Pick...publishing, today announced Adobe(R) Atmosphere(TM) Player for Adobe Reader(R...download for viewing and interacting with Atmosphere environments embedded in Adobe Portable...
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Adobe Atmosphere Unleashes the Power of 3-D Multimedia Interactive Environments.
Business Wire; 10/22/2003; 700+ words
; ...the new, full version of Adobe(R) Atmosphere(TM), a powerful professional authoring...creation and productivity features in Atmosphere, Web designers and digital document...with each other in real-time. Adobe Atmosphere offers new and innovative ways for e...
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ADOBE OPENS ATMOSPHERE COMMUNITY SERVER TO SPUR EVOLUTION OF THE IMMERSIVE 3D WEB.(Product Information)
Newspaper article from: Software Industry Report; 8/20/2001; 700+ words
; ...shared 3D Cyberspace. "Now with an open Atmosphere Community Server, commercial ventures...well as our work to build large-scale Atmosphere public virtual environments on the Internet...be powered by this server." Adobe Atmosphere is a complete system for the creation...
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Role of furnace atmosphere in glass-to-metal sealing: Quality may suffer if a reducing atmosphere is selected to cut post-sealing cleaning requirements. An oxidizing atmosphere optimized to provide both quality and minimal scale formation is a better choice.
Magazine article from: Ceramic Industry; 7/1/1989; ; 700+ words
; ...dissociated ammonia atmospheres. The dry atmosphere's dew point of...stress. Oxidizing atmosphere preferred These case...oxidizing furnace atmospheres are recommended for...switching to an oxidizing atmosphere decreased leakers...
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Planetary Atmospheres
Encyclopedia entry from: The Gale Encyclopedia of Science
Planetary Atmospheres The term planetary atmosphere refers to the envelope...chemical composition of the atmosphere, atmospheric structure...patterns within the atmosphere. The study of planetary atmospheres is traditionally sub...
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Atmosphere Observation
Encyclopedia entry from: UXL Encyclopedia of Science
Atmosphere observation Atmosphere observation refers to all equipment and techniques used to study properties of the atmosphere, including temperature, pressure, air movements, and chemical...
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Atmosphere, Composition and Structure
Encyclopedia entry from: UXL Encyclopedia of Science
Atmosphere, composition and structure Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent...percent mixture of minor gases dominated by argon. The atmosphere can be divided into vertical layers. Traveling from...
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atmosphere
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
atmosphere [Gr.,=sphere of air...some details about the atmospheres of other planets and satellites...known, only the earth's atmosphere has been well studied...Characteristics of the Earth's Atmosphere The first 40 to 50 mi...
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Carbon Dioxide in the Ocean and Atmosphere
Book article from: Water:Science and Issues
Carbon Dioxide in the Ocean and Atmosphere Carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered a trace gas in the atmosphere because it is much less abundant than...s climate by trapping heat in the atmosphere. The oceans play an important role...
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