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Proboscidea

A Dictionary of Earth Sciences | 1999 | | © A Dictionary of Earth Sciences 1999, originally published by Oxford University Press 1999. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

Proboscidea (proboscideans; infraclass Eutheria, cohort Ferungulata) Order comprising the elephants and their extinct relatives, e.g. mastodons (see MAMMUTIDAE), gomphotheres (see GOMPHOTHERIIDAE), and mammoths (see Mammuthus). The order was formerly highly successful and occupied the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa. Proboscideans tend toward large size. Since the late Miocene most have possessed a long trunk: this is developed from the nose and upper lip. Teeth are reduced in number, young adults having three molars in each side of each jaw; these are used one at a time, old teeth being shed and replaced by those behind. The upper incisors are enlarged to form tusks. The jaw muscles are large, and the skull short and high. The vertebrae and up to 20 ribs carry the weight of the abdomen, which is balanced on the fore limbs by the weight of the head, the hind limbs providing propulsion. The brain is well developed. Parental care of the young is prolonged, and social organization is complex.

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