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El Niño

A Dictionary of Earth Sciences | 1999 | | © A Dictionary of Earth Sciences 1999, originally published by Oxford University Press 1999. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

El Niño A warm-water current which periodically flows southwards along the coast of Ecuador. It is associated with the Southern Oscillation (these effects are collectively known as an El Niño—Southern Oscillation, or ENSO, event) and with climatic effects throughout the Pacific region. A similar phenomenon may also occur in the Atlantic. Approximately once every seven years, during the Christmas season (the name refers to the Christ child), prevailing trade winds weaken and the Equatorial countercurrent strengthens. Warm surface waters, normally driven westward by the wind to form a deep layer off Indonesia, flow eastwards to overlie the cold waters of the Peru current. In exceptional years, e.g. 1891, 1925, 1953, 1972–3, 1982–3, 1986–7, 1994–5, and 1997–8 the extent to which the upwelling of the nutrient-rich cold waters is inhibited causes the death of a large proportion of the plankton population and a decline in the numbers of surface fish.

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AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "El Niño." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. 21 Dec. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

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