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evil

A Dictionary of Buddhism | 2004 | | © A Dictionary of Buddhism 2004, originally published by Oxford University Press 2004. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

evil. Buddhism has no concept of evil as a cosmic force or objective reality. The nearest it comes to this is the mythological figure of Māra, the Buddhist ‘devil’. However, it has much to say about evil in the sense of human suffering (duḥkha), and these teachings are set out in the First Noble Truth (see Four Noble Truths). Buddhism recognized that human experience inevitably contains much that is painful, such as sickness and death, and that human beings are exposed to many natural evils such as floods, fires, earthquakes, and the like. Alongside these there is also the category of moral evil, which is analysed into various vices known as defilements (kleśa). The most fundamental of these are the three roots of evil (akuśala-mūla), namely greed (rāga), hatred (dveṣa), and delusion (moha). The so-called ‘problem of evil’ which afflicts theistic religions is not so acute in Buddhism since many (but not all) of life's misfortunes can be explained by the doctrine of karma.

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