Deaths

Deaths

Marguerite Ross Barnett, 49, first black woman to serve as head of a major U.S. university, 26 February 1992.

Daisy Bates, 84, civil rights leader and former president of the Arkansas chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), who gained national attention when she counteracted the governor's attempt to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School, 4 November 1999.

Terrell H. Bell, 74, top U.S. education official (under three Republican presidents), who commissioned the 1983 report, "A Nation at Risk," which helped draw public attention to declining educational standards, 22 June 1996.

Allan Bloom, 62, professor of political philosophy at the University of Chicago, who gained fame for his 1987 best-selling, yet controversial, book, The Closing of the American Mind, 1 October 1992.

Ernest LeRoy Boyer, 67, former U.S. Commissioner of Education under President Jimmy Carter and president of the Carnegie Foundation, who published several books on education, including Scholarship Reconsidered (1990) and The Basic School (1995), and served as chancellor of the State University of New York, 8 December 1995.

Harvie Branscomb, 103, chancellor of Vanderbilt University, who guided the school to national prominence, 24 July 1998.

Mary Ingraham Bunting-Smith, 87, president of Radcliffe College, who led efforts to allow women to earn Harvard degrees and access to business and graduate courses. She founded the Radcliffe Institute (later renamed the Bunting Institute), and was the first woman to work for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, where she served as commissioner, 21 January 1998.

Mary Steichen Calderone, 94, advocate of sex education in U.S. public schools, who also successfully lobbied the American Medical Association to have it distribute birth control information and prescribe birth control measures. She also coauthored The Family Book About Sexuality (1981) and Talking With Your Child About Sex (1982), 24 October 1998.

James Samuel Coleman, 68, influential sociologist, whose research on the relationship between education and race shaped the debate on school desegregation and busing efforts in the 1960s and 1970s, 25 March 1995.

Donald Norwood Davies, 91, federal judge, who issued landmark decision in 1957 to integrate white and black students in Little Rock, Arkansas, public schools, 18 April 1996.

Paul Engle, 82, writer and poet, who, together with his wife, Chinese novelist Hualing Nieh, founded the international writing program at the University of Iowa in 1967 and developed it into one of the country's most acclaimed programs for creative writers, 22 March 1991.

John King Fairbank, 84, professor, who pioneered the development of modern Chinese studies as an academic discipline, 14 September 1991.

Arthur Sherwood Fleming, 91, former president of Ohio Wesleyan University, the University of Oregon, and Macalester College, served as U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 7 September 1996.

Paul A. Freund, 83, Harvard University professor and leading U.S. constitutional scholar whose writings helped shape policies granting Congress greater authority in matters affecting the national economy, 5 February 1992.

James William Fulbright, 89, Democratic senator from Arkansas prominent in the field of U.S. foreign policy, who introduced legislation that laid the groundwork for the United Nations, whose collected speeches opposing U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War became a bestseller (The Arrogance of Power, 1966), and who founded the government-sponsored international exchange program known as the Fulbright exchange program, 9 February 1995.

Wendall Arthur Garrity, Jr., 79, federal justice, who man-dated busing in Boston in 1974 as a method of desegregating the public schools, 16 September 1999.

Laurence McKinley Gould, 98, former president of Carleton College, who explored Antarctica with Richard E. Byrd and led the United States in an international effort to prevent territorial claims on the continent, 20 June 1995.

John Alfred Hannah, 88, first chairman of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1957-1969 and president of Michigan State University, 1941-1969, during which time the university grew from a small, agricultural school of 6,000 students to a major university of 45,000, 23 February 1991.

Osborne Bennett Hardison Jr., 61, director of the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C. from 1969 to 1983 and a professor of literature at Georgetown University, 5 August 1990.

Harriet L. Hardy, 87, the first female full professor at Harvard University Medical School, whose specialties included occupational sicknesses and the health threats posed by nuclear energy, 13 October 1993.

Charles Johnston Hitch, 85, former president of the University of California during the turbulent 1960s and 1970s and official in the Department of Defense under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, 11 September 1995.

Samuel Ichiye Hiyakawa, 85, author, college president, and controversial senator, who became a symbol of adult authority during student protests in 1968 when he ripped wires out of a loudspeaker during a demonstration at San Francisco State University where he was acting president, 27 February 1992.

Hamilton Earl Holmes, 54, one of the first two black students at the University of Georgia and later an orthopedic surgeon and faculty member at Emory University, 26 October 1995.

Leanne Katz, 65, free speech advocate, who served as the executive director of the National Coalition Against Censorship since its founding in 1974, working tirelessly against banning books in school libraries, 2 March 1997.

Francis Keppel, 73, U.S. Commissioner of Education, 1962-1966, who played a major role in the development of the National Assessment of Educational Progress, 19 February 1990.

Grayson Louis Kirk, 94, president of Columbia University, who resigned after summoning police to disband student protests in 1968 when hundreds of students and faculty members were injured. During his term in office he had quadrupled the endowment, doubled the university's library holdings, and instigated several new programs, 21 November 1997.

Joseph Kitagawa, 77, Dean of the University of Chicago School of Divinity, who led in the effort to recognize religion as an independent academic discipline in U.S. colleges. He strove to introduce Japanese religions to the West and founded the international journal History of Religions, 7 October 1992.

Christopher Lasch, 61, leftist history professor and author, whose best-known work, The Culture of Narcissism (1978), explored the effect of industrial capitalism on American culture, 14 February 1994.

Max Lerner, 89, journalist, New York Post columnist, and university educator, who campaigned tirelessly for the improvement of educational standards and who drew national attention in the 1950s and early 1960s for his liberal and often controversial stances when he criticized Western culture for espousing a "fear of ideas," 5 June 1992.

Robert Quarles Marston, 76, president of the University of Florida when it became one of the ten largest schools in the United States and who also served as director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), but was dismissed in a dispute with the Nixon administration over the distribution of NIH resources, 14 March 1999.

Earl James McGrath, 90, head of the federal Office of Education under Presidents Harry S Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower, who resigned in protest from his post as Commissioner of Education over federal education budget cuts, 14 January 1993.

Virginia McMartin, 88, founder of a preschool, who was accused (though not convicted) in a famous child molestation case along with members of her family in the 1980s, 17 December 1995.

James Bryan McMillan, 78, judge who helped establish a national standard for school desegregation in the United States with a 1969 decision that ordered extensive busing in Charlotte, North Carolina, 4 March 1995.

Carl J. Megel, 92, past president and former lobbyist of the American Federation of Teachers, 18 September 1992.

James M. Nabrit Jr., 97, president of Howard University in the 1960s, who was also involved in many major civil rights cases including the 1954 Boiling v. Sharpe, which helped bring about the desegregation of public schools in Washington, D.C., 27 December 1997.

Walter Ridley, 86, the first African American to earn a doctorate degree from a southern university, who served as president of Elizabeth City College as well as president of the American Teachers Association, 26 September 1996.

John Pearson Roche, 70, professor of political science, adviser to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, speechwriter for Hubert Humphrey, and syndicated columnist of liberal political viewpoints in "A Word Edgewise," 6 May 1994.

Frank Anthony Rose, 70, president of the University of Alabama, 1958-1969, who helped mediate between Alabama Governor George Wallace (a staunch opponent of desegregation) and the federal government in 1963, when the university admitted its first black students, 1 February 1991.

Abram Leon Sachar, 94, chancellor and founding president of Brandeis University, 24 July 1993.

Terry Sanford, 80, former president of Duke University, who also served as governor and U.S. senator from the state of North Carolina, 18 April 1998.

Mario Savio, 53, mathematics and philosophy teacher at Sonoma State University, who gained fame as a student protest leader in the Free Speech Movement at the University of California at Berkeley in the 1960s, including the historic 1964 sit-in, 6 November 1996.

Reverend Joseph A. Sellinger, 72, president of Loyola College in Baltimore, Maryland, who transformed it from a small commuter school into one of the country's leading Jesuit colleges, 19 April 1993.

Albert Shanker, 68, president of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) from 1974 to 1997, 22 February 1997.

Howard Robert Swearer, 59, president of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, 1977-1988, who was credited with resolving financial and student dissatisfaction issues and renewing Brown's reputation as a major international university, 19 October 1991.

Norman H. Topping, 89, viral researcher and university leader, who in the 1930s developed a typhus vaccine for Allied soldiers in World War II, and who went on to become president and then chancellor of the University of Southern California and is credited with turning the school into a major research institution, 18 November 1997.

William Appleman Williams, 68, historian, who was the author of several revisionist books that challenged traditional interpretations of American history and was often called the founder of the "New Left" school, 5 March 1990.