The 1980s: Medicine and Health: Awards

THE 1980s: MEDICINE AND HEALTH: AWARDS

Nobel Prize Winners in
Medicine Or physiology

1980
Baruj Benacerraf (United States, born in Venezuela), George Snell (United States), and Jean Dausset (France) for their studies of antigens, the protein-carbohydrate complexes found on every cell membrane of the body, leading to the development of rules for the transplantability of human organs, explanations of the body's immunology system, and development of transplant immunology.

1981
David H. Hubel (Canadian-born American) and Torsten Wiesel (Sweden) for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system; and Roger W. Sperry (United States) for his discovery concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain,

1982
Sune Bergstrom (Sweden), Bengt Samuelsson (Sweden), and John R. Vane (Great Britain) for their discoveries concerning prostaglandin and related biologically active substances.

1983
Barbara McClintock (United States) for her discovery of transposable genetic systems.

1984
Niels K. Jerne, (Britain and Denmark), Georges Kdhler, (Germany), and Cesar Milstein (Argentina) for their discovery and development of principles for production of monoclonal antibodies by the hybridoma technique.

1985
Michael S. Brown (United States) and Joseph L. Goldstein (United States) for their revolutionary discoveries about the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and treatment for disorders of blood cholesterol levels.

1986
Biochemist Stanley Cohen (United States) and developmental biologist Rita Levi-Montalcini (United States and Italy) for their discovery of cell growth factors.

1987
Susumu Tonegawa (Japan) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a molecular biologist, for the elucidation of the unique capacity of the immune system to produce an enormous diversity of antibodies.

1988
Shared by American researchers George H. Hitchings and Gertrude B. Elion, and a Briton, Sir James W. Black, for work that led to the introduction of drugs widely used to treat heart disease, ulcers, and leukemia.

1989
American medical researchers J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus of the University of California, San Francisco, for their discovery of how normal cell growth can go awry and cause cancer.

Albert Lasker Awards

The Albert Lasker Awards are given in honor of medical research or public service of a pioneering nature. The awards are viewed by some as America's Nobel Prize.

Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Awards

1980
Paul Berg, Stanley N. Cohen, A. Dale Kaiser, and Herbert W. Boyer for their work with recombinant DNA, the genetic material in cells of all living things that has helped inaugurate a new, promising age of biomedical achievements.

1981
Barbara McClintock for her achievement in first discovering that certain genetic elements are not static, but can move from one location to another on DNA.

1982
J. Michael Bishop, Raymond L. Erikson, and Harold E. Varmus for their studies of the nature of oncogenes and their roles in cell growth and regulation; and Robert C. Gallo and Hidesaburo Hanafusa for their pioneering studies of how RNA tumor viruses cause cancer.

1983
Eric R. Kandel for his application of cell-biology techniques to the study of behavior, revealing the mechanisms underlying learning and memory; and Vernon B. Mountcastle for his original discoveries that illuminate the brain's ability to perceive and organize information, and to translate sensory impulses into behavior.

1984
Georges J. F. Kohler for his achievement in fusing plasma and myeloma cells to form the first hybridoma; Cesar Milstein for his creation of the first hybridomas; and Michael Potter for his fundamental research into the genetics of immunoglobulin molecules, paving the way for the development of hybridomas.

1985
Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein for their discovery of the basic mechanisms controlling cholesterol metabolism, opening the way to a new pharmacologic approach to the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

1986
Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen for their discoveries of natural chemicals known to control cell growth.

1987
Molecular biologist Susumu Tonegawa for research that proved that the immense diversity of antibodies is achieved by a previously unknown shuffling of the genes that serve as blueprints for antibody production; Philip Leder for his studies of the genetic basis of antibody diversity and role of genetic rearrangement in carcinogenesis; and Leroy Hood for studies that show how the body manipulates fundamental parts of anti-body molecules to create the great diversity of anti-bodies.

1988
Molecular biologists Thomas R. Cech of the University of Colorado and Phillip A. Sharp from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for their work on RNA.

1989
Edwin G. Krebs, Michael J. Berridge (Great Britain), Alfred G. Gilman, and Yasutomi Nishizuka (Japan) for the discovery and elucidation of signal transduction, the process that enables each cell to receive and respond to signals from extracellular messengers such as hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitter molecules, allowing cells within an organism to communicate with each other.

Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Awards

1980
Vincent J. Freda, John Gorman, and William Pollack; and Sir Cyril A. Clarke and Ronald Finn, two groups of researchers who independently arrived at utilizing immunological principles to create a vaccine for preventing Rh disease in the newborn.

1981
Louis Sokoloff for developing a pioneering method of mapping and measuring brain function, both as a whole and in localized areas—a major breakthrough in the understanding and diagnosis of brain diseases.

1982
Roscoe O. Brady for his pioneering contribution to the understanding of hereditary diseases, the development of effective genetic counseling procedures, and initiation of possible treatment by replacement of missing enzymes; and Elizabeth F. Newfeld for clarifying the molecular basis and diagnosis of certain hereditary lysosomal storage disorders that may cause growth abnormalities, mental retardation, blindness, deafness, and death.

1983
F. Mason Sones Jr. for combining the techniques of cardiac catheterization and coronary artery cinematography, thus beginning the modern era of diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease.

1984
Paul C. Lauterbur for his theoretical and technical contributions that made possible a new form of medical imaging based on nuclear magnetic resonance.

1985
Bernard Fisher for his influence in shaping the character of modern breast cancer treatment, thus lengthening the lives of women suffering from the disease.

1986
Robert C. Gallo and Luc Montagnier for their discovery that a retrovirus is the cause of AIDS,

1987
Mogens Schou for long-term research that proved lithium was an effective drug for treating manic-depression and recurring episodes of severe depression.

1988
Vincent P. Dole for his discovery that methadone can treat heroin addiction.

1989
Etienne-Emile Baulieu (France) for discoveries of primary importance in endocrinology.

Albert Lasker Public Service Awards

1980
No award

1981
No award

1982
No award

1983
Maurice R. Hilleman and Saul Krugman for their discoveries of the causes of certain viral diseases and pioneering development of vaccines, especially against hepatitis B.

1984
Henry J. Heimlich for developing the Heimlich maneuver, a simple and practical technique for the prevention of death from choking.

1985
Lane W. Adams for his skills in expanding the American Cancer Society into the major volunteer force in the battle against cancer; and Ann Landers (Eppie Lederer) for her respected advice and practical translations of medical information and her tireless commitment to the health and well-being of the American people.

1986
Ma Haide and George Hatem for their legendary conquest of venereal disease and the eradication of leprosy in China.

1987
No award

1988
Sen. Lowell P. Weicker Jr. for his compassion and dedication in the fight to eradicate disease and disability through federal funding of medical research and public-health programs.

1989
Lewis Thomas, the author of Lives of a Cell, for opening the wonders of twentieth-century medical research and practice to the average person.

Albert Lasker Special Public Health Award

1980
Robert I. Levy and the Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (National Institutes of Health) for creation of a land-mark hypertension detection and follow-up program derived from a monumental five-year study of 10,940 men and women with high blood pressure.

1981
No award

1982
No award

1983
No award

1984
Dorothy T. Krieger for her contributions to the field of neuroendocrine research.

1985
No award

1986
No award

1987
Centennial Salute to the National Institutes of Health for one hundred years of leadership in biomedical research establishing the preeminence of the United States in the fight against death, disease, and disability.

1988
No award

1989
No award

American Medical Association
Distinguished Service Award
Recipients

The AMA Distinguished Service Award honors a member of the association for general meritorious service.

1980
Frank H. Mayfield, Cincinnati, Ohio

1981
John W. Kirklin, Birmingham, Alabama

1982
J. Englebert Dunphy, San Francisco, California

1983
Merrill O. Hines, New Orleans, Louisiana

1984
William D. Holden, Cleveland, Ohio

1985
George Valter Brindley Jr., Temple, Texas

1986
Kenneth M. Brinkhous, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

1987
Raymond T. Holden, Washington, D.C. 1988 M. T. Jenkins, Dallas, Texas

1989
Eben Alexander Jr., Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Alfred P. Sloan Jr. Medal,
General Motors Cancer
Research Foundation

This award, for recognition of outstanding recent basic scientific contribution to cancer research, was first presented in 1979.

1980
Isaac Berenblum

1981
César Milstein
Wallace P. Rowe

1982
Stanley Cohen

1983
Raymond L. Erikson

1984
J. Michael Bishop
Harold E. Varmus

1985
Robert T. Schimke

1986
Phillip Allen Sharp

1987
Robert A. Weinberg

1988
Yasutomi Nishizuka

1989
Donald Metcalf
Leo Sachs

Bristol-Meyers Award

The Bristol-Meyers Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer Research is given annually to a scientist for an outstanding contribution to the progress of cancer research.

1980
Howard Earle Skipper, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, and Kettering-Meyer Laboratory.

1981
Van Rensselaer Potter, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

1982
Denis P. Burkitt, St. Thomas' Hospital Medical School, London, England.
Michael Anthony Epstein, Nuffield College, Oxford University, England.

1983
Leo Sachs, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

1984
Robert A. Weinberg, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

1985
William S. Hayward, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
Philip Leder, Harvard Medical School.

1986
Susumu Tonegawa, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

1987
Donald Metcalf, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.

1988
George W. Santos, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

1989
Peter K. Vogt, University of Southern California.

Passano Foundation Awards

Passano Foundation Awards honor distinguished work done in the United States in medical research. Originally one award was endowed. Beginning in 1974 there were two awards, a Senior Award and a Junior Award.

Passano Foundation Senior Awards

1980
Seymour Solomon Kety for his original and creative contribution to our knowledge of brain function and the biology of mental illness,

1981
Hugh O. McDevitt for his research on the relationships between the immune response, histocompatibility antigens, and human disease.

1982
Roscoe O. Brady for elucidating the molecular basis of a series of formerly incurable hereditary diseases of complex lipid metabolism.
Elizabeth F. Neufeld for her contributions to the under-standing of the molecular basis of a group of hereditary diseases known as mucopolysaccharide storage diseases.

1983
J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus for their pioneering research on the molecular biology of tumor viruses, and in particular for their key discovery that the cancer-causing genes of a major class of tumor viruses are present as normal components of the chromosomes of all vertebrates, including humans.

1984
Peter C. Nowell for the discovery of the first characteristic and consistent chromosomal abnormality in cancer cells.

1985
Howard Green for his pioneering research in cell biology.

1986
Eugene Patrick Kennedy for his contributions to the understanding of the mechanism of synthesis of complex lipids and of the function and organization of cellular membranes.
Albert Lester Lehninger for his important contributions to bioenergetics and its relation to mitochondrial calcium metabolism and to proton transport.

1987
Irwin Fridovich for the discovery of the biological significance of oxygen radicals and the mechanisms employed by living organisms to defend themselves against their toxic effects.

1988
Edwin G. Krebs and Edmund H. Fischer for their pioneering studies on the role of protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycles in cellular regulation.

1989
Victor A. McKusick for his important contributions to the field of medical genetics.

Passano Foundation Junior Awards

1980
No award

1981
William A. Catterall for his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the relationship of ion transport to electrical excitability.
Joel Moss for his contribution to an understanding of the action of bacterial toxins and his exemplary combination of clinical and scientific skills.

1982
Roger D. Kornberg for his contributions to the current understanding of the structure of chromatin.

1983
Gerald M. Rubin and Allan C. Spradling for their out-standing research in developmental genetics.

1984
Thomas R. Cech for his highly original discovery that ribonucleic acids (RNA) are capable of catalyzing their own splicing reactions in the absence of conventional enzymes.

1985
Mark M. Davis for his discovery of the genes that encode the antigen receptors of T lymphocytes.

1986
James Edward Rothman for his clarification of the functions of a specific and highly characteristic set of stacked intracellular membranes known as the Golgi apparatus.

1987
Jeremy Nathans for his contribution to the molecular biology of color vision.

1988
Peter Walter for his characterization of a signal recognition particle that identifies newly synthesized proteins and directs them to their membrane locations.

1989
Louis M. Kunkel for his discovery of the genetic defects responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Psychiatry Awards

American Psychiatric
Association Distinguished
Service Award

The American Psychiatric Association Distinguished Service Award honors individuals and/or institutions for exceptional meritorious service to American psychiatry.

1980
Daniel Blain
Seymour S. Kety

1981
Milton Greenblatt
Margaret S. Mahler

1982
Lester Shapiro

1983
Viola Bernard
Lawrence Kolb

1984
Hayden Donahue
Francis Gerty

1985
Charles Prudhomme
Fritz Redlich

1986
Melvin Sabshin

1987
Henry W. Brosin
Robert J. Campbell III

1988
Eward W. Busse
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
Raymond W. Waggoner

1989
American Association of Chairmen of Departments of Psychiatry Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Erik R. Kande
Solomon H. Snyder

William R. Mcalpin Mental
Health Research Achievement
Award

The National Mental Health Association began giving the McAlpin Award in 1972 for outstanding research in the causes and prevention of mental illness.

1980
Floyd Elliott Bloom, Salk Institute Center for Behavioral Neurobiology.

1981
Jerome D. Frank, Johns Hopkins University.
Douglas W. Heinrich, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.

1982
No award

1983
No award

1984
No award

1985
No award

1986
Richard J. Wyatt, St. Elizabeth's Hospital.

1987
Paul Greengard, Rockefeller University.

1988
Donald Klein, New York Psychiatric Institute.

1989
William T. Carpenter Jr., Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.

Public-health Awards

Sedgwick Memorial Medal,
American Public Health
Association

This American Public Health Association medal recognizes distinguished service in the advancement of public-health knowledge and practice.

1980
Lorin E. Kerr

1981
Dwight F. Metzler

1982
C. Rufus Rorem

1983
Milton I. Roemer

1984
Milton Terris

1985
Henrik L. Blum

1986
C. Arden Miller

1987
Larry J . Gordon

1988
Dorothy P. Rice

1989
Clarence L. Brumback

Martha May Eliot Award,
American Public Health
Association

This American Public Health Association award honors unusual achievement in the field of maternal and child health.

1980
Pauline G. Stitt

1981
Eunice R. Ernst

1982
Edwin M. Gold

1983
Kathryn E. Barnard

1984
C. Arden Miller

1985
Marian Wright Edelman

1986
George A. Silver

1987
Vince H. Hutchins

1988
Mary C. Egan

1989
Frederick C. Green

Nursing Awards

American Nurses' Association Honorary Recognition Award

The American Nurses' Association presents this award to recognize persons who have rendered distinguished service or valuable assistance to the nursing profession and whose contributions are of national and international significance to nursing.

1980
Marilyn Goldwater

1981
No award

1982
Sen. Daniel K. Inouye
Margaretta M. Styles

1983
No award

1984
Veronica Driscoll
Hildegard Peplau

1985
No award

1986
Faye G. Abdellah
Barbara Nichols

1987
No award

1988
Claire Fagin

1989
No award

Mary Adelaide Nutting Award

The Mary Adelaide Nutting Award is given every two years by the National League for Nursing to honor outstanding leadership and achievement in nursing education or nursing service.

1981
Anne K. Kibrick

1983
Faye G. Abdellah

1985
Mary Dineen

1987
Faculty of the Department of Nursing Education, 1907-1986, Teachers' College, Columbia University

1989
Verle Waters