The 1950s: Medicine and Health: Awards

THE 1950s: MEDICINE AND HEALTH: AWARDS

Nobel Prize Winners in Medicineor Physiology

1950: Philip S. Bench (United States), Edward C. Kendall (United States), and Tadeus Reichstein (Switzerland), for work on the structural and biological effects of the adrenal cortex hormones cortisone and ACTH.

1951: MaxTheiler (United States, born in South Africa), for work on the yellow fever virus and related organisms.

1952: Selman A. Waksman (United States, born in Russia), for the discovery of streptomycin and its development as a treatment for tuberculosis and other diseases not affected by penicillin.

1953: Hans A. Krebs (Great Britain, born in Germany), for the discovery of the citric-acid cycle by which the body produces energy; and Fritz A. Lipmann (United States, born in Germany), for the discovery of coenzyme A and its role in the metabolic system.

1954: John F. Enders (United States), Frederick C. Robbins (United States), and Thomas H. Weller (United States), for their discoveries concerning the cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in nonnervous tissues.

1955: Alex H. T. Theorell (Sweden), for work on oxidation enzymes.

1956: Andre F. Cournand (United States, born in France), Werner Forssmann (Germany), and Dickinson W. Richards, Jr. (United States), for work on heart catheterization and changes in the circulatory system.

1957: Daniel Bovet (Italy, born in Switzerland), for work on synthetic compounds that curtail hormonal action.

1958: George W. Beadle (United States) and Edward L. Tatum (United States), for the discovery that genes regulate the chemical makeup of the body; and Joshua Lederburg (United States), for work in genetic recombination and the organization of genetic material in bacteria.

1959: Arthur Kornbert (United States), and Severo Ochoa (United States, born in Spain), for discovering the processes of synthesis of DNA and RNA.

American Medical
Association Distinguished Service
Award Recipients

The AMA Distinguished Service Award honors a member of the association for general meritorious ser-vice.

1950: Evarts A. Graham, Saint Louis.

1951: Allen C. Whipple, New York City.

1952: Paul Dudley White, Boston.

1953: Alfred Blalock, Baltimore.

1954: W. Wayne Babcock, Philadelphia.

1955: Donald C. Balfour, Rochester, Minn.

1956: Walter L. Bierring, Des Moines, Iowa.

1957: Tom Douglas Spies, Birmingham, Ala.

1958: Frank H. Krusen, Rochester, Minn.

1959: Michael De Bakey, Houston.

Albert Lasker Awards

The Albert Lasker Awards are given in honor of medical research of a pioneering nature.

Basic Research Awards

1950: George Wells Beadle, for contributions to the understanding of the genetic control of metabolic processes.

1951: Karl F. Meyer, for bacteriological research in parasitology.

1952: F. MacFarlane Burnet, for fundamentally modifying knowledge of viruses and of the inheritance of characteristics by viruses.

1953: Hans A. Krebs, for the discovery of urea and the uric-acid cycles; Michael Heidelberger, for the development of the field of immunochemistry; George Wald, for his explanation of the physiology of human vision.

1954: Edwin B. Astwood, for research on endocrine function leading to the control of hyperthyroidism; John F. Enders, for the cultivation of the viruses of poliomyelitis, mumps, and measles.

1955: Karl Paul Link, for work on the mechanism of blood clotting and the development of methods of treatment for thromboembolic conditions.

1956: Karl Meyer and Francis O. Schmitt, for studies of the biochemical components of connective tissues contributing to an understanding of arthritis and rheumatic diseases.

1957: No award.

1958: Peyton Rous, for work on the causes of cancers, the source of antibodies, and the mechanism of blood-cell generation and destruction; Theodore Puck, for the development of original methods for the pure culture of living mammalian cells as a basis for research on nutrition, growth, and genetic mutation; Alfred D. Hershey, Gerhard Schramm, and Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, for discoveries concerning the fundamental role of nucleic acid in the reproduction of viruses and the transmission of inherited characteristics.

1959: Albert Coons, for work in immunology; Jules Freund, for discoveries in immunology and allergy, strengthening immunization procedures against tuberculosis, malaria, rabies, and poliomyelitis.

Clinical Research Awards

1951: Elise L'Espérance and Catherine McFarlane, for the development of cancer-detection clinics for the discovery of early cancer or precancerous lesions; William G. Lennox and Frederic A. Gibbs, for research on epilepsy.

1952: Conrad A. Elvehjem, for contributions to biochemical and nutrition research; Frederick S. McKay and H. Trendley Dean, for the development of community-wide fluoridation programs.

1953: No award.

1954: Alfred Blalock, Helen B. Taussig, and Robert Gross, for contributions to cardiovascular surgery.

1955: C. Walton Lillehei, Morley Cohen, Herbert Warden, and Richard L. Varco, for advances in cardiac surgery; Hoffman-LaRoche Research Laboratories, Squibb Institute for Medical Research; Edward H. Robitzek, Irving Selikoff, Walsh McDermott, and Carl Muschenheim, for the establishment of the efficacy of isoniazid drugs to treat tuberculosis, meningitis, and generalized miliary tuberculosis.

1956: Jonas A. Salk, for the development of a vaccine against poliomyelitis.

1957: Rustom Jal Vakil, Nathan Kline, Robert Noce, Henri Laborit, Pierre Deniker, and Heinz E. Leh-mann, for various studies.

1958: Robert W. Wilkins, for work on the control of heart and blood-vessel diseases through investigation of causes and the diagnosis and treatment of hyper-tension.

1959: John Holmes Dingle, for work on acute respiratory diseases; Gilbert Dalldorf, for demonstrating the ability of one virus to modify the course of infection by another, and for the discovery of the Coxsackie virus by a unique and broadly applicable technique.

Passano Foundation Awards

Passano Foundation Awards honor distinguished work done in the United States in medical research.

1950: Edward C. Kendall and Philip S. Hench, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.

1951: Philip Levine, Ortho Research Foundation, Raritan, N.J., and Alexander S. Wiener, Jewish Hospital, Brooklyn, N.Y.

1952: Herbert McLean Evans, University of California.

1953: John F. Enders, Harvard Medical School.

1954: Homer William Smith, New York University College of Medicine.

1955: Vincent du Vigneaud, Cornell University Medical College.

1956: George Nicholas Papanicolaou, Cornell University Medical College.

1957: William Mansfield Clark, Johns Hopkins University.

1958: George Washington Corner, American Philosophical Society.

1959: Stanhope Bayne-Jones, Office of the U.S. Surgeon General.