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Orson Welles

Orson Welles (1915-1985) was a Broadway and Hollywood actor, radio actor, and film director. His earliest film production, Citizen Kane, was his most famous, although most of his other productions were notable.

Orson Welles was born George Orson Welles in Kenosha, Wisconsin, on May 6, 1915, the second son of Richard Welles, an inventor, and Beatrice Ives, a concert pianist. The name George was soon dropped. The family moved to Chicago when Welles was four; two years later his parents separated formally. The comfortable circumstances in which Welles was born gradually diminished. An important early influence on his life was Maurice Bernstein, an orthopedist and passionate admirer of his mother until her death in 1926. That year he was enrolled in the progressive Todd School (Woodstock, Illinois). His formal education ended with graduation in 1931.

After a sojourn to Ireland, where he was involved in the theater as an actor, Welles returned to Chicago where he briefly served as a drama coach at the Todd School and coedited four volumes of Shakespeare's plays. He made his Broadway debut with Katharine Cornell's company in December 1934. He and John Houseman joined forces the next year to manage a unit of the Federal Theatre Project, one of the work-relief arts projects established by the New Deal. Welles' direction was inspired, injecting new life into various classics, including an all-African American Macbeth, the French farce The Italian Straw Hat, and the Elizabethan morality play Dr. Faustus.

Welles and Houseman broke with the Federal Theatre Project over its attempt to censor their June 1937 production of Marc Blitzstein's pro-labor The Cradle Will Rock. They organized the Mercury Theatre, which over the next two seasons had a number of extraordinary successes, including a modern dress anti-Fascist Julius Caesar (with Welles playing Brutus), an Elizabethan working-class comedy Shoe-maker's Holiday (re-written by Welles), and Shaw's Heartbreak House (with the 24-year-old Welles convincingly playing an octogenerian). Welles also found time to play "The Shadow" on radio and to supervise a "Mercury Theatre on the Air, " whose most notorious success was an adaptation of H. G. Wells' War of the Worlds, which resulted in panic as many listeners believed that Martians were invading New Jersey.

In 1939 the Mercury Theatre collapsed as a result of economic problems; Welles went to Hollywood to find the cash to resurrect it. Except for a stirring dramatization of Richard Wright's Native Son in 1940, an unhappy attempt to stage Jules Verne's Around the World in 80 Days (music and lyrics by Cole Porter) in 1946, and an unsatisfactory King Lear in 1956, his Broadway career was over. He did continue theater activity overseas: during the 1950s he successfully staged Moby Dick in England, directed Laurence Olivier in the London production of Ionesco's Rhinoceros, and wrote a script for a Roland Petit ballet.

Following an early flirtation with movies and after casting around some months for a subject, Welles filmed Citizen Kane in 1939-1940. Since its release in 1941 this film has generally been awarded accolades and in recent years has been acclaimed as one of the best movies of all time. It is a fascinating study of a newspaper publisher (obviously modeled on William Randolph Hearst, despite Welles' disclaimers). Controversy surrounds the production of this film, which Welles is credited with producing, directing, and coscripting. He also played the leading role. However one views the making of this film, there is no doubt about his role as catalyst.

Years later Welles declared "I began at the top and have been making my way down ever since." All the films he directed are of interest, but none matched his initial achievement. Among his other films are The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), The Lady From Shanghai (1946), Othello (1952), Touch of Evil (1958), The Trial (1962), and F Is for Fake (1973). Most of these films have been marked by disputes; Welles often disowned the final version. His critics argue that a self-destructive tendency caused these problems and cite his experiences with the unfinished It's All True, which he embarked on in Brazil in 1942 before finishing the final editing of The Magnificent Ambersons. But his partisans called it a destroyed masterpiece (in his absence 131 minutes were edited down to a final release print of 88 minutes).

A somewhat hammy actor with a magnificent voice, Welles appeared in over 45 films besides his own. In some of these films, such as The Third Man (1949) and Compulsion (1959), he was superb. But all too many were junk movies such as Black Magic (1949) and The Tarters (1960); he accepted these so that he might earn the funds necessary to finance films of his own such as Chimes at Midnight (released in 1966, an exciting film based on various Shakespeare plays and dealing with Falstaff).

For various reasons Welles left the United States after World War II and for three decades lived a kind of gypsy existence abroad, with occasional visits back to America for movie assignments or other work. An intelligent, multifaceted individual, Welles during World War II had put in a stint as a columnist at the liberal New York Post and later gave some thought to a political career. During the latter part of his life, despite being dogged by ill health, he earned a comfortable living doing television commercials for companies such as Paul Masson wines, putting much of what he earned into the production of various films, including The Other Side of the Wind (which dealt with an old film-maker and which was unfinished at the time of his death as well as being involved in litigation). A superb racontuer, Welles— after moving back to the United States in the mid-1970s— was much in demand as a guest on television talk shows.

Welles was found dead in early October 1985 in his Los Angeles home. Married three times, he had children with each wife: Virginia Nicolson (Christopher), Rita Hayworth (Rebecca), and his widow Paola Mori (Beatrice). He had many friends in his lifetime, including Oja Kodar, a Yugoslav artist who was his companion and assistant from the mid-1960s onward. Welles shared an Academy Award for the script of Citizen Kane and in 1975 was honored by the American Film Institute with a Life-Achievement Award. Welles' other awards include a 1958 Peabody Award for a TV pilot.

	Orson Welles at Work.(Book review) Magazine article from: Cineaste; 9/22/2008; ; 700+ words ; Orson Welles at Work by Jean-Pierre Berthome and Francois...ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Attempting to explain why Orson Welles created a multitude of versions of such...authors of an indispensable new book, Orson Welles at Work. His strength lay in his hyperactivity... Read more
	The battle over Orson Welles. (conflicting views in Welles biblography) Magazine article from: Cineaste; 6/22/1996; ; 700+ words ; ...dictate the way most people currently think about Orson Welles. One attitude, predominantly American, sees his...by four authors - Charles Higham's The Films of Orson Welles (1970) and Orson Welles: The Rise and Fall of an American Genius (1985... Read more
	The Films of Orson Welles.(Book Review) Magazine article from: Cineaste; 3/22/2005; ; 700+ words ; The Films of Orson Welles by Robert Garis. New York, NY: Cambridge...Hardcover: $60.00 and Paperback: $20.99. Orson Welles: The Stories of His Life by Peter Conrad...Hardcover: $25.00 and Paperback: $17.00, Orson Welles was a highly literate and literary... Read more
	It's All True: Orson Welles's Pan-American Odyssey.(Discovering Orson Welles)(Book review) Magazine article from: Cineaste; 3/22/2008; ; 700+ words ; It's All True: Orson Welles's Pan-American Odyssey by Catherine...and paperback: $24.95. Discovering Orson Welles by Jonathan Rosenbaum. Berkeley and...One would think that by this time Orson Welles's reputation would be more secure... Read more
	Othello. Magazine article from: Cineaste; 9/22/1995; ; 700+ words ; When Orson Welles's Othello was rereleased...production history, as well as Welles's visually imaginative approach...commentary track featuring Welles scholar Myron Meisel, filmmaker...Oberdan Troiani (who describes Welles's visual preciseness and...portrayal of its soliloquy in ... Read more
	Despite the system; Orson Welles versus the Hollywood studios.(Brief Article)(Book Review) Magazine article from: Reference & Research Book News; 2/1/2006; 122 words ; 1556525478 Despite the system; Orson Welles versus the Hollywood studios...largely unfulfilled promise of Orson Welles's cinematic career was not...system that could not abide by Welles's approach to filmmaking...interviews with key players, Welles's correspondence, ... Read more
	Orson Welles: Hello Americans, vol. 2.(Book review) Magazine article from: Cineaste; 9/22/2006; ; 700+ words ; Orson Welles: Volume 2: Hello Americans...what is significant is that Welles believed it to be true, and...all of us who write about Welles, including those pesky academics...sympathetic understanding of Welles. Without ever discussing...his inadequate treatment of Welles's leftist ... Read more
	Citizen Kane. (Home Video). Magazine article from: Cineaste; 3/22/2002; ; 700+ words ; Directed by Orson Welles; screenplay by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson Welles; cinematography by Gregg Toland; music by Bernard Herrmann: starring Orson Welles, Joseph Cotten. Dorothy Comingore... Read more
	TOUCHING UP TOUCH OF EVIL. Magazine article from: Quadrant; 7/1/1999; ; 700+ words ; ...everything seemed to be going well for Orson Welles. He was directing and acting in...know who was going to direct it, Orson Welles was going to play the heavy. `You know Orson Welles is a pretty good director,' I said... Read more
	The Complete Mr. Arkadin.(Movie review) Magazine article from: Cineaste; 12/22/2006; ; 700+ words ; ...Confidential Report): Written and directed by Orson Welles; starring Orson Welles, Robert Arden, Akim Tamiroff, Mischa Auer and...particularly important when it comes to dealing with Orson Welles, whose reputation has been occasionally afflicted... Read more

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