Joint Chiefs of Staff
JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF
JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF (JCS) came into existence in 1942. The JCS consisted of the chief of staff, U.S. Army; the chief of naval operations; and the chief of staff, U.S. Air Force. Their functions were to advise the president on the military, give strategic direction to the army and navy, and facilitate U.S.-British military cooperation. In 1949, an amendment to the National Security Act of 1947 established the position of chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the chairman was to preside over the meetings of the JCS, but had no vote. Moreover, he was not to exercise military command over the JCS or any of the military services. In 1952, Public Law 82-416 authorized the commandant of the Marine Corps to meet with the JCS as a co-equal whenever any matter concerning the Marine Corps was under consideration. On 28 October 1978, Public Law 95-485 made the commandant of the corps a permanent and fully participating member of the JCS.
The Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 prescribed the most important changes in the Joint Chiefs of Staff organization since 1949. It increased the responsibilities of the chairman, naming him the principal adviser to the president, the National Security Council, and the secretary of defense. The chairman was to attend and participate in meetings of the National Security Council, and his responsibilities were expanded to include assisting the president with strategic direction of the armed forces; preparing strategic plans and joint logistic and mobility plans; and advising the secretary of defense on requirements, programs, and budgets, particularly on budget proposals for activities of each unified and specified combatant command. In addition, the act created the position of vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to rank after the chairman and ahead of all other officers of the armed forces.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Millett, Allan R. The Reorganization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: A Critical Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Pergamon-Brassey's, 1986.
Robert S. Driscoll
See also Defense, Department of ; National Security Council .
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Art and humanism in early Renaissance Padua: Cennini, Vergerio and Petrarch on imitation.
Magazine article from: Renaissance Quarterly; 9/22/1996; ; 700+ words
; A number of passages in Cennino Cennini's early fifteenth-century craft...sources and its transformations -- Cennini's treatment of imitation and style...Few Masters as Possible."(2) Cennini's discussion of copying masters...
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Color and Meaning: Practice and Theory in Renaissance Painting.
Magazine article from: Renaissance Quarterly; 3/22/1995; ; 700+ words
; ...Florentine story, running from Cennini and Alberti, through Leonardo...of Theophilus and verdaccio of Cennini. By the fourteenth century inhibitions...Italy are not all comprehended in Cennino Cennini's Libro dell'arte, invaluable...
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On the side of beauty
Magazine article from: The Spectator; 11/1/1997; ; 700+ words
; ...Jamie Muir, dealt with two mediaeval masterpieces - a Cennino Cennini altarpiece and the Wilton Diptych. It's not my favourite...silent crew of restorers brought it vividly to life. Cennini's altarpiece, we learned, was not so much a work...
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Gleams of gold: the Fortunoff collection of paintings by Joseph Southall, currently on show at the Fine Art Society, London, is a comprehensive reminder of the talent of one of the few true Arts and Crafts painters.
Magazine article from: Apollo; 4/1/2005; ; 700+ words
; ...Christiana Herringham, an influential figure in the Edwardian art world, who was an expert on tempera and translator of Cennino Cennini's Il Libro dell' Arte (1899), textbook of the movement. (4) There were about fifty artist-members of the...
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The Meeting at the Golden Gate (1305) ; GREAT WORKS ++ Giotto Scrovegni Chapel, Padua
Newspaper article from: The Independent - London; 2/16/2007; ; 700+ words
; ...he does bodies. The enormous solidity of Giotto's figures has always been appreciated. An early commentator, Cennino Cennini, said that Giotto had "translated the art of painting from Greek into Latin", meaning that he'd changed it from...
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Magical American Fresco - Crafting the Sublime.(Brief Article)
Magazine article from: World and I; 2/1/2001; ; 700+ words
; ...painting and stained glass. The instructor is a practicing illuminator and specialist in sculpture restoration. Cennino Cennini's Craftsman's Handbook, a how-to book from the fourteenth century, serves as a text. Inspired by Gregorian...
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Art in Renaissance Italy.
Magazine article from: The Magazine Antiques; 4/1/1997; ; 700+ words
; ...pertinent writing of the period in question and summarize a particular aspect of daily life. Thus, the "voice" of Cennino Cennini, writing about 1410, admonishes painters to eat wholesome dishes and drink light wines, while avoiding overindulgence...
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A guide to Modernism? It would be a pleasure, Your Royal Highness
Newspaper article from: The Independent on Sunday; 4/9/2006; ; 700+ words
; ...as a historical style label. It is deligtful to note that the idea of modernity has been around for a long time. Cennino Cennini in his Libro dell'Arte said Giotto, with his psychologial realism and new-fangled perspective, made painting...
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 "The Evening Standard (London, England)")
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Learn how to gild your own lily; Homes & Property.
Newspaper article from: The Evening Standard (London, England); 3/14/2001; ; 648 words
; ...the layman "for the use and good profit of anyone who wants to enter this profession", in Il Libro Dell'Arte by Cennino Cennini. Today Homes & Property is happy to impart the secrets of gilding to readers in the third of our series of...
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Gendered style in Italian art criticism from Michelangelo to Malvasia.
Magazine article from: Renaissance Quarterly; 12/22/1995; ; 700+ words
; ...frame of reference for gendered semantics of stylistic description.(4) Sources from the early fifteenth century (Cennino Cennini) to the mid-seventeenth century (Carlo Cesare Malvasia) and beyond have been used for this study in order to...
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Cennino Cennini
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Cennino Cennini , c.1370-1440, Florentine painter, follower of Agnolo Gaddi. None...advice about the established technique of painting. At the same time, Cennini was one of the first to call for imagination in art and to advocate the...
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Cennini, Cennino
Book article from: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists
Cennini, Cennino ( c. 1370– c. 1440). Florentine painter and writer. None...important source concerning artistic practice in the late Middle Ages. Cennini states in the book that he was a pupil of Agnolo Gaddi , who learnt from...
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tempera
Book article from: The Oxford Dictionary of Art
...Italian painters of the time is given in Cennino Cennini's treatise, written c. 1400. According to Cennini (and later Vasari ), only the yolk of...little effect on the colours, though Cennini says that town hens produce the palest...
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Giotto di Bondone
Book article from: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists
...master Cimabue ), and to succeeding generations it was clear that a new artistic era began with him; in about 1400 Cennino Cennini wrote that ‘Giotto translated the art of painting from Greek into Latin and made it modern.’...
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Gaddi, Taddeo
Book article from: The Oxford Dictionary of Art
...Florence, 1366). Florentine painter, the son of a painter and mosaicist, Gaddo Gaddi ( d c. 1330). According to Cennino Cennini , Taddeo was Giotto's godson and worked with him for 24 years. He was one of the leading Florentine artists of...
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