Fourteen Points
FOURTEEN POINTS
FOURTEEN POINTS. Nine months after the American declaration of war on Germany, President Woodrow Wilson addressed Congress on 8 January 1918, to declare America's terms of peace. Briefly, they were as follows: (1) "open covenants of peace openly arrived at"; (2) freedom of the seas; (3) freedom from trade barriers; (4) reduction of armaments; (5) impartial adjustment of colonial claims; (6) evacuation of Russian territory and Russian self-determination; (7) evacuation and restoration of Belgium; (8) evacuation of France and restoration of Alsace-Lorraine to France; (9) readjustment of Italian frontiers; (10) autonomous development for the peoples of Austria-Hungary; (11) readjustments in the Balkans; (12) autonomous development for the non-Turkish nationalities of the Ottoman Empire and the opening of the Dardanelles; (13) restoration of an independent Poland with access to the sea; and (14) establishment of a general
association of nations. The Allied Powers refused to agree to Wilson's terms until the German government began peace negotiations on the basis of the fourteen points in October 1918. After Col. Edward M. House, Wilson's chief foreign policy adviser, warned Britain and France that the United States might make a separate peace with Germany, the Allies accepted the fourteen points on 4 November 1918—with the reservation that they did not accept a blanket principle of freedom of the seas and with the further caveat that they demanded financial compensation from Germany for wartime damages. After Germany's formal surrender one week later, the fourteen points became the legal basis for the ensuing treaty of peace.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Clements, Kendrick A. The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992.
Knock, Thomas J. To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Bernadotte E. Schmitt / a. g.
See also Germany, Relations with ; House-Grey Memorandum ; League of Nations ; Treaties with Foreign Nations ; World War I ; and vol. 9: The Fourteen Points .
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The Oratorio in Modena.
Magazine article from: Notes; 12/1/1994; ; 700+ words
; ...rich heritage of oratorio virtually came to...discussing each of the oratorios, Crowther lists...active centers of oratorio composition and performance. Some oratorios contain political...a "school" of oratorio composition. After...
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Elgar's Oratorios: the Creation of an Epic Narrative.(Book Review)
Magazine article from: Notes; 9/1/2003; ; 700+ words
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A History of the Oratorio and The Oratorio in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. (Book Reviews).
Magazine article from: Notes; 12/1/2001; ; 700+ words
; ...studies. The German oratorio (i.e., oratorios in German) receives...activity" considers the oratorio in Italy and two oratorios by Antonin Dvorak. The...discern a continuing oratorio tradition. A few oratorios (
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Oratorio group branches out
Newspaper article from: The Record (Bergen County, NJ); 4/6/2008; ; 700+ words
; ...enough," Kaufman says. "Oratorio provides the choral force...censors." The most famous oratorio, Handel's "Messiah...During the 19th century, oratorios were so popular —...work was the now-forgotten oratorio "The Golden Legend." Today...
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Paul McCartney's Spirited `Oratorio'
Newspaper article from: The Washington Post; 10/27/1991; ; 700+ words
; ...the performance can. Oratorio was born as a substitute...forbidden. Traditionally, oratorios had religious subjects...new listeners to the oratorio form, and they will...of the most dramatic oratorios in the repertoire...libretto). In another oratorio recording (Philips...
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 "The Racing Post (London, England)")
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Early indications that Oratorio is a name to note; FIRST-SEASON SIRE PROFILE.(Sports)
Newspaper article from: The Racing Post (London, England); 5/12/2009; 700+ words
; Oratorio 2002 b Danehill-Mahrah, by Vaguely...Coolmore Stud FROM only three runners, Oratorio has been represented by a winner in Wealdmore...maiden winner, writes Martin Stevens. Oratorio's own two-year-old career gave good...
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Mendelssohn Oratorio Gets Stirring Revival
Newspaper article from: The Washington Post; 1/18/2001; ; 684 words
; ...And Mendelssohn's oratorios embody Victorian ideals...very seriously both the oratorio as a musical form and...but is not a typical oratorio. "Messiah" is, essentially...flavor. The typical oratorio, in contrast, tells...the primary source of oratorios, because the Old Testament...
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Racing: Oratorio cuts down Epsom hero Eclipse Stakes : Ballydoyle colt lowers Motivator's colours as Dettori breaks collarbone in fall
Newspaper article from: The Independent on Sunday; 7/3/2005; ; 700+ words
; ...read Aidan O'Brien; for the spider, Oratorio. Four times before this season had the...yesterday it all finally came good. Oratorio, the unsung 12-1 shot, caught Motivator...hero continue his royal progress, but Oratorio's performance was no great surprise...
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Handel's Oratorios and Eighteenth-Century Thought.
Magazine article from: Notes; 12/1/1996; ; 700+ words
; ...Contexts of Handel's English Oratorios" (Music in Eighteenth-Century...contextualize not only Handel's oratorios, but the oratorio as a genre within the larger...about the words of Handel's oratorios" (p. 1). But it is not...
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El Oratorio "El Mesías" de Georg Frederich Hándel en la Iglesia de San Francisco de Asis en Tijuana y St. Paul's Cathedral de San Diego
Newspaper article from: La Prensa San Diego; 11/21/2007; ; 700+ words
; ...cambiar de la pera al oratorio, no pas a realizar un...porque en realidad sus oratorios son peras sin decorados...bsica entre la pera y el oratorio handeliano, y entre el oratorio handeliano y los oratorios de otros compositores...
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oratorio
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...than the true oratorio, but the oratorios of Schü...inaugurated the English oratorio, and his Messiah...own usually epic oratorios, became the prototype...Young, The Oratorios of Handel (1949...History of the Oratorio (1987).
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Christmas Oratorio
Book article from: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music
Christmas Oratorio. Choral work by Bach for soloists, ch., and orch., text by Picander...mus. was comp. for secular words. Schütz also wrote a Christmas Oratorio (1664). Ger. title is Weihnachts-Oratorium .
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opera-oratorio
Book article from: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music
opera-oratorio. Term used by Stravinsky to describe his Oedipus Rex , which is designed to be presented on the stage but in the static manner of a concert perf. of an oratorio.
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Oratorio
Book article from: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
Oratorio. The setting of a religious (usually Christian) text to music; the setting is extensive, with soloists, chorus, and instruments. It is not, however, like opera, in that it is not staged or acted out.
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Handel, George Frideric
Book article from: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music
...to develop the genre of dramatic oratorios which is perhaps his most orig...and more expressive outlets in the oratorio form. Scores contain stage directions...his recovery, he wrote a series of oratorios, incl. Messiah , prod. Dublin...
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