Camels in the West
CAMELS IN THE WEST
CAMELS IN THE WEST. In 1855 Congress appropriated $30,000 to purchase camels for use on express routes across the 529,189 square miles of territory acquired during the Mexican-American War. In 1856 and 1857, over one hundred camels carried mail across this desert country. They were sold at auction in 1864, most to carry freight to and from Nevada mines. Others remained in Texas in circuses and zoological gardens. Between 1860 and 1862, Otto Esche, a German merchant, brought forty-five camels from Siberia to San Francisco for use on eastbound express routes, although he sold most of them to a mining company in British Columbia. Years later, wild camels still roamed the Northwest, Nevada, and especially Arizona. Wild American camels are now extinct.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Lesley, Lewis B., ed. "Uncle Sam's Camels." California Historical Society Quarterly (1930).
A. A. Gray / c. w.
See also Mail, Overland, and Stagecoaches ; Pack Trains .
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EST based phylogenomics of Syndermata questions monophyly of Eurotatoria.(Research article)(Expressed sequence tag)(Report)
Magazine article from: BMC Evolutionary Biology; 12/29/2008; ; 700+ words
; ...author) [1] Background The animal taxon Rotifera comprises free-living and commensalic...Monogononta and Seisonidea are subsumed as Rotifera or Rotatoria, the eponymous rotatory...reflects the classical view of monophyletic Rotifera (Monogononta+Bdelloidea+Seisonidea...
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Research from University of Arkansas broadens understanding of aquatic ecology.(Report)
Newspaper article from: Ecology, Environment & Conservation; 9/26/2008; 700+ words
; ...taxa (Copepoda, Cladocera, Ostracoda, Rotifera, Nematoda, Hydrachnida, and Tardigrada...silt, and between Copepoda, Nematoda, and Rotifera and fine sand. Hydrachnida and Rotifera were negatively associated with silt and coarse...
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Nematodes: Structure, Development, Classification and Phylogeny.
Magazine article from: BioScience; 3/1/1995; ; 700+ words
; ...Malakhov rearranges the pseudocoelomates into four phyla: Rotifera, Acanthocephala, Nemathelminthes (classes Nematoda and Gastrotricha...4d, and with an aboral brain (e.g., Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Acanthocephala, Mollusca, and Articulata), and Radialoblastica...
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Report summarizes environmental monitoring study findings from S. Majagi and co-researchers.
Newspaper article from: Ecology, Environment & Conservation; 5/1/2009; 583 words
; ...We have recorded 36 species of which, 15 species belongs to rotifera, 11 species belongs to cladocera, nine species belongs to...scientists in India report. "Among zooplankton, particularly rotifera was the dominant group throughout the study period and highest...
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Data on hydrobiology described by M. Ramdani et al.
Newspaper article from: Ecology, Environment & Conservation; 3/6/2009; 700+ words
; ...and Cryptophyceae less so. Zooplankton communities in both Ghar El Melh and Merja Zerga were dominated by marine copepods. Rotifera, Copepoda, Ostracoda, and Cladocera were recorded in both lagoons as were meroplanktonic larvae of Polychaeta, Cirripedia...
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A new look at the ventral nerve centre of Sagitta : implications for the phylogenetic position of Chaetognatha (arrow worms) and the evolution of the bilaterian nervous system.(Research)
Magazine article from: Frontiers in Zoology; 5/18/2007; ; 700+ words
; ...Chaetognatha and designates them as incertae sedis . Nielsen [3, 9], on the other hand, unites the Chaetognatha together with the Rotifera and Gnathostomulida in the taxon Gnathifera thus suggesting a placement within the Protostomia. Important morphological characters...
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INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY
Magazine article from: European Journal of Entomology; 1/1/2004; ; 698 words
; ...edition dealt with the "Aschelminths" including not only Nematoda and true relatives, but also unrelated Gastrotricha, Rotifera, and Acanthocephala. Fortunately, Oxford University Press printed the second edition of Invertebrate Zoology with similar...
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Hidden in plain sight: The ecology and physiology of organismal transparency.
Magazine article from: The Biological Bulletin; 12/1/2001; ; 700+ words
; ...later), this section considers only species with transparent regions larger than 5 mm. Therefore certain phyla (e.g., Rotifera, Gastrotricha) and most larvae and freshwater taxa are not covered. Second, because aquatic species from transparent groups...
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New environmental research data have been reported by A.M. Gagneten and co-authors.
Newspaper article from: Ecology, Environment & Conservation; 3/20/2009; 700+ words
; ...study." "Zooplankton was analyzed quali- and quantitatively. Total density, by-group density (Copepoda, Cladocera and Rotifera), micro and mesozooplankton density, biomass, species richness (S), and species diversity (H) were studied. The results...
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Global isolation by distance despite strong regional phylogeography in a small metazoan.(Research article)
Magazine article from: BMC Evolutionary Biology; 11/14/2007; ; 700+ words
; ...diversity found amongst populations of the euryhaline microscopic metazoan Brachionus plicatilis s. s . (sensu stricto) (Rotifera: Monogononta) on a global scale using a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene ( COI or cox1 ) gene. We try...
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Rotifera
Book article from: Animal Sciences
Rotifera The 1,500 to 2,000 species in the phylum Rotifera, like other members of the kingdom Animalia, are multicellular...appear in older taxa. Yet, by examining a phylum like Rotifera and understanding its evolutionary history, we realize...
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Jennings, Herbert Spencer
Dictionary entry from: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
...concentrated his attention upon only two types of microorganisms, the Rotifera and the Protozoa; but his research nevertheless mirrored the...Jennings ’ descriptions and classifications of Rotifera, including new species, hold a respectable place in the systematic...
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Body Cavities
Book article from: Animal Sciences
...animals are characterized by pseudo-coeloms. These include the roundworms (phylum Nematoda) and the rotifers (phylum Rotifera), as well as a number of lesser-known phyla of wormlike animals. At one point, all the pseudocoelomate taxa were grouped...
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Rotatoria
Book article from: A Dictionary of Zoology
Rotatoria See ROTIFERA .
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Monogononitida
Book article from: A Dictionary of Zoology
Monogononitida (phylum Aschelminthes , class Rotifera ) An order of mainly freshwater rotifers most of which adopt a vagile or sessile mode of life. A degree of jointing is present in the cuticle. Sexes differ morphologically.
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