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The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act: the correct paradigm of strict liability and the problem of individual causation.
UCLA Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
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December 22, 2000|
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COPYRIGHT 2000 University of California at Los Angeles, School of Law. This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan. All inquiries regarding rights should be directed to the Gale Group.
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I.
INTRODUCTION
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended, ("CERCLA")(1) does not expressly impose strict liability. Rather, CERCLA provides generally in the definitional section that "the terms `liable' or `liability' under this subchapter shall be construed to be the standard of liability which obtains under section 1321 of Title 33,"(2) which is Section 311 of the Clean Water Act.(3) As of the time of CERCLA's enactment in 1980, federal courts had construed Section 311 of the Clean Water Act to impose ...
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Identification of genes differentially expressed during larval molting and metamorphosis of Helicoverpa armigera.(Research article)
Magazine article from: BMC Developmental Biology
; ...corresponding author) [1] Background Molting is a physiological process common to all...to pupation and eclosion. Generally, molting consists of two phases, the lethargus...physiological processes occurs during molting, including separation of the old cuticle...
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Probiotics in drinking water alleviate stress of induced molting in feed-deprived laying hens.(Report)
Magazine article from: Asian - Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
; ...subjected to feed removal during induced molting while received probiotics in the drinking...equal body weight and subjected to induced molting by continuous feed removal until around...experiment lasted 12 wks consisting of 4-wk molting and 8-wk post-molt periods. Treatment...
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Cracks in the Egg Industry; Criticism Mounts to End Forced Molting Practice
Newspaper article from: The Washington Post
; ...That process--called induced or forced molting--generally continues until the chickens...of egg-laying flocks undergo induced molting, and some more than once. But increasingly...challenging the practice. Some see forced molting as inhumane, saying it amounts to intentional...
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Non-withdrawal molting reviewed.(Bottom Line)
Magazine article from: Feedstuffs
; HISTORICALLY, most induced molting programs used in the commercial egg...work together to develop alternative molting techniques that do not involve the...each university to develop alternative molting programs that could be presented to...
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Diet quality affects postnuptial molting and feather quality of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus): interaction with humoral immune function?(Report)
Magazine article from: Canadian Journal of Zoology
; ...activation, and their interaction on postnuptial molting of aviary-kept house sparrows (Passer...experimental design, we measured the progress of molting and the quality of feathers produced during molting by house sparrows exposed to different diet...
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Long-Term Pyrene Exposure of Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, Affects Molting and Reproduction of Exposed Males and Offspring of Exposed Females.
Magazine article from: Environmental Health Perspectives
; ...impact of long-term pyrene exposure on molting and reproduction in the model estuarine...weeks, during which time we determined molting and survivorship. At the end of the exposure...ppb) experienced a significant delay in molting and in time until reproduction, and showed...
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Autotomy in a stick insect (Insecta: Phasmida): predation versus molting.(Scientific Notes)(Report)
Magazine article from: Florida Entomologist
; ...can be shed during complications with molting. As a result of having a skeleton on...In the laboratory, legs are lost to molting complications approximately 30% of the...effects of predation attempts and/or molting complications on rates of leg loss in...
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License granted for new molting technology.(Hooge Consulting Service Inc.)
Magazine article from: Feedstuffs
; ...Arkansas for a new, patent-pending poultry molting technology involving iodinated organic...Gregory, UEP senior vice president, and molting adviser Don Bell, extension poultry specialist...Following these tests, a successful molting trial was conducted with Cobb broiler...
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Crab molting may be controllable.
News Wire article from: UPI Energy Resources
; ...close to being able to control crustacean molting -- a discovery that could revolutionize...Alabama at Birmingham scientists said molting is the process by which the crab discards...might lead to the ability to manipulate molting or facilitate molting on demand. That...
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Analysis of calcium concentration fluctuations in hepatopancreatic R cells of Marsupenaeus japonicus during the molting cycle.
Magazine article from: The Biological Bulletin
; ...balance of the whole organism during the molting cycle (Wheatly, 1996, 1997, 1999...transcellular calcium flux linked to the molting cycle (Chavez-Crooker et al., 2003...release calcium during the crustacean molting cycle, the role these organelles play...
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