FREEMASONRY AS A SOURCE OF JEWISH CIVIC RIGHTS IN LATE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY VIENNA AND PHILADELPHIA: A STUDY IN ATLANTIC HISTORY.

From: East European Quarterly | Date: December 22, 2000| Author: Weisberger, R. Williams | Copyright information

I. INTRODUCTION: FREEMASONRY, THE ENLIGHTENMENT, AND ATLANTIC HISTORY

Separated by thousands of miles, Vienna and Philadelphia during the early 1780s developed into major centers for the promotion of Jewish civic rights.(1) Moreover, at this time, high degree Freemasonry, that conferred degrees beyond the third, flourished as well in both urban environments. More importantly, Freemasonry, whose rituals embodied salient secular and ethical tenets of the Enlightenment, hel...

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