* Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, taking Soviet forces by complete surprise. During the first few weeks, German forces surrounded and captured hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops. By December, German troops were on the outskirts of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) and Moscow. But, aided by extremely cold weather that caused the German tanks to break down, the Soviets held and struck back. In the spring of 1942, the Germans once again attacked, moving forward in southern Russia, until stopped at the ...

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