Cost of mutualism: competition, tree morphology, and pollen production in limber pine clusters.

From: Ecology | Date: January 1, 1999| Author: | Copyright information

All aspects of a mutualism may not be optimal for the participating species. We examined possible consequences to limber pine (Pinus flexilis) from competition within reproductive multi-genet tree clusters, which come from multi-seed caches stored by Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). Limber pine occurs in three different tree growth forms. We predicted that genets within the tree-cluster growth form would have both reduced radial growth rates and lower pollen-cone whorl production relative to single-trunk and multitrunk growth forms. We tested these predictions with three ...

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