Kulturkampf in France. (parochial schools and state)

National Review | April 6, 1984| | Copyright

FROM THE early 1870s to the middle 1880s, Germany's imperial government under Otto von Bismarck clashed repeatedly with the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church over the control of educational and ecclesiastical appointments. Perhaps the most enduring reminder we have of the confrontation is the word Kulturkampf ("fight for culture"), which was coined by Rudolf Virchow, a supporter of Bismarck's, to describe the struggle.

Catholics accounted for slightly more than one-third of the total population of Germany, but they were considered leaderless and backward--in ...

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