The poor and disabled in early eighteenth-century Russian towns.

Journal of Social History | September 22, 1998| | Copyright

Pre-industrial Europe recognized two basic categories of impoverishment. The first group - the disabled, those who endured serious chronic or acute disease, the insane, the aged, and the orphan - had always earned the pity and charity of those who were better off. Sometimes called the "structural" poor, these unfortunates were incapable of earning a living, and therefore wholly dependent upon begging and charity. The second group (the "conjunctural" poor) included the able-bodied who had fallen into penury through some crisis, whether meteorologic, epidemic, or economic. ...

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