Civility, enlightenment, and society: conceptual confusions and Kantian remedies.

American Political Science Review | June 1, 1998| | Copyright

Writing in the Berlinische Monatsschrift in 1784, Immanuel Kant speculated that the "hidden plan of nature" was to bring about justice in civil society and peaceful relations between nations by means of the very antagonism that seemed to promise only civil unrest and international conflict. He assured his readers that "though folly and caprice creep in at all times, enlightenment gradually arises," and thus the "chiliastic expectations" of philosophy for the triumph of justice were something more than an illusion (Kant [1784] 1923, 27-8). As we close this millennium, Kant's ...

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