Holism and collectivism in the work of J.R. Commons. From: Journal of Economic Issues | Date: December 1, 1996| Author: Lawson, Clive | COPYRIGHT 1996 Association for Evolutionary Economics. This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan.  All inquiries regarding rights should be directed to the Gale Group.Copyright information

The proponents of institutional economics have erroneously presented a 'straw-person' interpretation of J.R. Commons' actual writings. A closer inspection of his work reveals that his writings do not really exemplify the conceptualization of holism and collectivism espoused by institutional economists. These misplaced interpretations are actually the result of the limitations of the individualist position itself. Commons' social ontology is not consistently or sufficiently suitable to the ind...

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	Holism and collectivism in the work of J.R. Commons. Journal of Economic Issues ; Recent years have witnessed a considerable resurgence of interest in institutional economics, much of which has been generated by contributions going under the heading of new institutional economics. (1) Although it is difficult to impose any precise programmatic unity upon these contributions
	The social psychological underpinnings of Commons's institutional economics: the significance of Dewey's 'Human Nature and Conduct.' (economists John R. Commons and John Dewey) Journal of Economic Issues ; If institutional economics is therefore volitional economics, it requires a volitional psychology to accompany it. This is the psychology of transactions, which we may properly name transactional or negotiational psychology. Nearly all of the older schools of psychology are individualistic . . .
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	Of transactions and transaction costs: uncertainty, policy, and the process of law in the thought of Commons and Williamson. Journal of Economic Issues ; Perhaps one of the reasons why judges do not like to discuss questions of policy, or to put a decision in terms upon their views as law-makers, is that the moment you leave the path of merely logical deduction you lose the illusion of certainty which makes legal reasoning seem like mathematics.
	Schumpeter's Entrepreneurs and Commons's Sovereign Authority. Journal of Economic Issues ; In 1934, Joseph Schumpeter argued the following: If someone who has never seen or heard of such a state were to observe that a farmer produces corn to be consumed as bread in a distant city, he would be impelled to ask how the farmer knew that this consumer wanted bread and just so much. He would
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