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Police interrogation of juveniles: an empirical study of policy and practice.
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The Supreme Court does not require any special procedural safeguards when police interrogate youths and use the adult standard--"knowing, intelligent, and voluntary under the totality of the circumstances"--to gauge the validity of juveniles' waivers of Miranda rights. Developmental psychologists have studied adolescents' capacity to exercise Miranda rights, questioned whether juveniles possess the cognitive ability and adjudicative competence necessary to exercise legal rights, and contended that immaturity and vulnerability make juveniles uniquely susceptible to police interrogation ...
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