Incarnations and practices of feminine rectitude: nineteenth-century gymnastics for U.S. women.

Journal of Social History | March 22, 2005| | Copyright

Often referred to as calisthenics in order to denote their feminization, gymnastic systems deemed appropriate for U.S. women between 1830-1870 were enmeshed within a matrix of nineteenth-century discourses and institutional investments. Specifically, the institutionalization and the popularization of those exercise regimes were contemporaneous with the increasing medicalization of female bodies, with the fairly recent yet provisory acceptance of secondary education for women, and with the restructuring of middle-class household dynamics that attended the emerging cult of ...

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