Beethoven celebrated grand themes in full fury

The lifetime of Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827), the era of the American Revolution and the French Revolution, saw the rise of popular government. As literature became public, as authorship became a paying profession, as poets, novelists, historians, biographers, essayists and artists reminded Europeans of their peculiar hopes and idiosyncrasies, people were alerted to their right to govern themselves.

Another art was needed to affirm their community. Haydn and Mozart had opened a European concert world where ...

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