The painful lessons of chemical warfare: gas, mud, and blood at Ypres.

Military Review | July 1, 2004| | Copyright

It burned my throat, caused pains in my chest and made breathing all but impossible. I spat blood and suffered dizziness. We all thought that we were lost.--French soldier, 1915 (1)

A FORGOTTEN battlefield with significant lessons for the future, Ypres reminds us of one of the greatest fears in modern war--the use of chemical weapons. On 22 April 1915, the German Army introduced poison gas at Ypres, France, in an effort to break the stalemate across Flanders. With nearly 13,000 gas-related casualties, Ypres marked the first successful demonstration of the ...

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