On the evolution of toads in the French Renaissance*.

From: Renaissance Quarterly | Date: March 22, 2004| Author: Randall, Michael | Copyright information

Symbolic toads, like real ones, must adapt to their environment or die. The evolutionary development of toads as symbols of monarchical power in France from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries demonstrates this principle as metaphoric bufones or crapaux flourish, adapt, or die according to their political context. According to a medieval legend, toads had been the insignia of the French monarchy before Clovis's conversion to Christianity, when they were converted into lilie...

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