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Sugars in the Australian diet: results from the 1995 National Nutrition Survey.(Original research)
From:
Nutrition & Dietetics: The Journal of the DieticiansAssociation of Australia
| Date:
September 1, 2003| Author:
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COPYRIGHT 2003 Dietitians Association of Australia. This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan. All inquiries regarding rights should be directed to the Gale Group.
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Introduction
Sugars have been a part of our diet for thousands of years, being present in fruits, milk products, vegetables, grains and honey. Sugars are well appreciated for providing sweetness and pleasantness to foods and can be classified in many ways. The term 'sugars' is no longer widely used by carbohydrate chemists, but it is still a useful term to collectively describe the simpler carbohydrates i.e. monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), and disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) that occur naturally in foods or are added during food processing. Others have ...
<-0.10)
Protein 15.7 14.6 13.5 * -0.33
Total fat 35.9 33.1 30.8 * -0.46
Saturated fat 15.1 14.5 14.0 * -0.16
Monounsaturated fat 12.9 11.5 10.6 * -0.48
Polyunsaturated fat 4.9 4.6 4.1 * -0.30
Total sugars 20.1 26.0 32.8 * 0.88
Added sugars 10.2 15.1 20.5 * 0.66
Natural sugars 9.9 10.9 12.4 * 0.18
Starch 26.4 24.4 21.0 * -0.46
Total carbohydrate 45.9 50.4 54.3 * 0.60
Nutrient/1000 kJ (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Cholesterol (mg) 29.0 27.0 26.0 * -0.15
Dietary fibre (g) 2.2 2.1 2.0 * -0.09
Niacin equivalents (mg) 4.1 3.9 3.6 * -0.27
Vitamin C (mg) 11.0 12.0 16.0 * 0.24
Calcium (mg) 97.0 105.0 106.0 * 0.12
Phosphorus (mg) 157.0 155.0 146.0 * -0.15
Iron (mg) 1.3 1.4 1.3 -0.07
Zinc (mg) 1.1 1.1 1.1 * -0.15
Respondents aged 19 years and over
Energy kJ 11 005 10 988 11 158 0.02
Percentage energy (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Protein 17.8 17.2 16.0 * -0.25
Total fat 33.8 33.3 31.2 * -0.21
Saturated fat 13.0 13.1 12.6 -0.05
Monounsaturated fat 12.6 12.3 11.3 * -0.25
Polyunsaturated fat 5.1 5.0 4.7 * -0.16
Total sugars 13.1 18.9 26.2 * 0.88
Added sugars 5.8 9.7 16.0 * 0.63
Natural sugars 7.3 9.2 10.2 * 0.26
Starch 25.4 24.5 22.2 * -0.27
Total carbohydrate 38.8 43.5 48.5 * 0.60
Alcohol 8.4 3.7 2.0 * -0.33
Nutrient/1000 kJ (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Cholesterol (mg) 35.0 33.0 31.0 * -0.17
Dietary fibre (g) 2.3 2.5 2.5 * 0.12
Provitamin A (ug) 356.0 368.0 369.0 0.03
Riboflavin (mg) 0.2 0.2 0.2 * 0.14
Niacin equivalents (mg) 4.9 4.7 4.4 * -0.23
Vitamin C (mg) 11.0 13.0 14.0 * 0.17
Calcium (mg) 77.0 89.0 93.0 * 0.21
Potassium (mg) 338.0 350.0 349.0 * 0.07
Females
Std
Lower Middle Upper slope (b)
Respondents aged 2 to 18 years
Energy kJ 8189 7803 7575 * -0.11
Percentage energy (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Protein 15.7 14.7 13.4 * -0.36
Total fat 35.6 33.7 31.3 * -0.38
Saturated fat 14.9 14.9 14.1 * -0.12
Monounsaturated fat 12.7 11.8 10.8 * -0.42
Polyunsaturated fat 4.9 4.5 4.3 * -0.28
Total sugars 20.2 26.0 32.8 * 0.89
Added sugars 10.0 13.8 19.8 * 0.54
Natural sugars 10.2 12.2 13.0 * 0.19
Starch 26.1 23.7 21.3 * -0.44
Total carbohydrate 46.3 49.6 54.3 * 0.57
Nutrient/1000 kJ (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Cholesterol (mg) 30.0 27.0 25.0 * -0.21
Dietary fibre (g) 2.3 2.2 2.1 * -0.13
Niacin equivalents (mg) 4.1 3.9 3.6 * -0.29
Vitamin C (mg) 13.0 15.0 16.0 * 0.20
Calcium (mg) 94.0 104.0 102.0 * 0.11
Phosphorus (mg) 154.0 155.0 144.0 * -0.15
Iron (mg) 1.3 1.3 1.2 * -0.11
Zinc (mg) 1.1 1.1 1.0 * -0.23
Respondents aged 19 years and over
Energy kJ 7637 7379 7430 -0.04
Percentage energy (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Protein 17.6 17.2 16.2 * -0.19
Total fat 35.2 33.5 31.0 * -0.35
Saturated fat 13.6 13.1 12.3 * -0.18
Monounsaturated fat 12.9 12.1 11.1 * -0.37
Polyunsaturated fat 5.5 5.2 4.8 * -0.19
Total sugars 14.9 20.2 26.9 * 0.87
Added sugars 5.7 8.9 13.5 * 0.50
Natural sugars 9.3 11.4 13.3 * 0.31
Starch 25.7 24.7 22.6 * -0.28
Total carbohydrate 41.1 45.2 49.4 * 0.56
Alcohol 4.4 1.9 1.5 * -0.19
Nutrient/1000 kJ (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Cholesterol (mg) 35.0 33.0 31.0 * -0.17
Dietary fibre (g) 2.6 2.9 2.9 * 0.14
Provitamin A (ug) 435.0 482.0 497.0 * 0.11
Riboflavin (mg) 0.2 0.3 0.3 * 0.16
Niacin equivalents (mg) 4.7 4.7 4.5 * -0.13
Vitamin C (mg) 13.0 16.0 18.0 * 0.24
Calcium (mg) 92.0 102.0 107.0 * 0.18
Potassium (mg) 361.0 388.0 398.0 * 0.17
(a) The tertiles were derived from the percentage of energy
contributed by the total sugars.
(b) Standardised slope across the tertiles.
* Regression slope significantly different from zero,
P[is less than or equal to] 0.001
Table 7. Mean day-2-adjusted nutrient density (nutrient/1000 kJ)
according to tertiles (a) of intakes of added sugars on the
day of the 1995 National Nutrition Survey
Males
Std
Lower Middle Upper slope(b)
Respondents aged 2 to 18 years
Energy kJ 9625 10 004 10 353 * 0.08
Percentage energy (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Protein 15.7 14.6 13.4 * -0.35
Total fat 34.6 33.6 31.5 * -0.28
Saturated fat 15.1 14.8 13.8 * -0.19
Monounsaturated fat 12.1 11.8 11.0 * -0.22
Polyunsaturated fat 4.7 4.5 4.3 * -0.11
Total sugars 22.7 25.9 30.5 * 0.54
Added sugars 7.3 15.0 23.7 * 0.89
Natural sugars 15.4 10.9 6.8 * -0.62
Starch 25.4 23.9 22.4 * -0.26
Total carbohydrate 47.7 49.8 53.3 * 0.40
Nutrient/1000 kJ (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Cholesterol (mg) 28.0 27.0 27.0 -0.08
Dietary fibre (g) 2.3 2.1 1.9 * -0.36
Vitamin A (retinol equivalents) (ug) 110.0 103.0 97.0 * -0.11
Provitamin A (ug) 277.0 261.0 227.0 * -0.13
Thiamin (mg) 0.2 0.2 0.2 * -0.21
Riboflavin (mg) 0.3 0.3 0.2 * -0.24
Niacin equivalents (mg) 4.2 3.9 3.6 * -0.33
Folate (ug) 26.0 24.0 22.0 * -0.29
Vitamin C (mg) 15.0 13.0 11.0 * -0.18
Calcium (mg) 114.0 104.0 90.0 * -0.30
Phosphorus (mg) 166.0 153.0 138.0 * -0.42
Magnesium (mg) 32.0 29.0 26.0 * -0.48
Iron (mg) 1.4 1.3 1.3 * -0.19
Zinc (mg) 1.2 1.1 1.1 * -0.23
Potassium (mg) 340.0 311.0 276.0 * -0.43
Respondents aged 19 years and over
Energy kJ 10 408 11 250 11 519 * 0.15
Percentage energy (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Protein 18.0 17.0 16.0 * -0.29
Total sugars 15.3 18.4 24.5 * 0.62
Added sugars 3.9 9.7 18.0 * 0.87
Natural sugars 11.4 8.7 6.5 * -0.43
Starch 25.3 24.3 22.5 * -0.24
Total carbohydrate 40.8 42.9 47.0 * 0.39
Alcohol 7.0 4.7 2.5 * -0.23
Nutrient/1000 kJ (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Cholesterol (mg) 34.0 33.0 32.0 * -0.12
Dietary fibre (g) 2.6 2.4 2.1 * -0.26
Vitamin A (retinol equivalents) (ug) 138.0 123.0 117.0 * -0.15
Preformed vitamin A (ug) 71.0 64.0 62.0 * -0.13
Provitamin A (ug) 403.0 358.0 330.0 * -0.16
Thiamin (mg) 0.2 0.2 0.2 * -0.12
Riboflavin (mg) 0.2 0.2 0.2 * -0.05
Niacin equivalents (mg) 4.9 4.7 2.3 * -0.29
Folate (ug) 32.0 29.0 26.0 * -0.30
Vitamin C (mg) 15.0 13.0 11.0 * -0.22
Calcium (mg) 89.0 86.0 83.0 * -0.07
Phosphorus (mg) 170.0 162.0 153.0 * -0.28
Magnesium (mg) 38.0 35.0 32.0 * -0.37
Iron (mg) 1.5 1.5 1.4 * -0.20
Zinc (mg) 1.4 1.3 1.3 * -0.14
Potassium (mg) 373.0 346.0 317.0 * -0.32
Females
Std
Lower Middle Upper slope (b)
Respondents aged 2 to 18 years
Energy kJ 516 7922 8131 * 0.11
Percentage energy (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Protein 15.8 14.8 13.3 * -0.39
Total fat 34.2 34.3 32.0 * -0.19
Saturated fat 14.6 15.1 14.2 * -0.06
Monounsaturated fat 12.1 12.0 11.2 * -0.19
Polyunsaturated fat 4.8 4.5 4.4 * -0.18
Total sugars 23.3 25.1 30.8 * 0.54
Added sugars 6.8 14.1 22.9 * 0.89
Natural sugars 16.5 11.0 7.9 * -0.60
Starch 25.0 23.8 22.2 * -0.25
Total carbohydrate 48.1 48.9 53.3 * 0.37
Nutrient/1000 kJ (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Cholesterol (mg) 28.0 28.0 25.0 * -0.13
Dietary fibre (g) 2.5 2.2 1.9 * -0.38
Vitamin A (retinol equivalents)
(ug) 123.0 117.0 103.0 * -0.10
Provitamin A (ug) 367.0 303.0 284.0 * -0.17
Thiamin (mg) 0.2 0.2 0.2 * -0.25
Riboflavin (mg) 0.3 0.2 0.2 * -0.21
Niacin equivalents (mg) 4.2 3.9 3.5 * -0.38
Folate (ug) 27.0 24.0 22.0 * -0.35
Vitamin C (mg) 17.0 14.0 13.0 * -0.28
Calcium (mg) 108.0 101.0 91.0 * -0.22
Phosphorus (mg) 162.0 153.0 138.0 * -0.38
Magnesium (mg) 32.0 29.0 26.0 * -0.49
Iron (mg) 1.4 1.3 1.2 * -0.24
Zinc (mg) 1.2 1.1 1.0 * -0.29
Potassium (mg) 354.0 314.0 285.0 * -0.46
Respondents aged 19 years and over
Energy kJ 7061 7577 7817 * 0.16
Percentage energy (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Protein 18.1 17.1 15.7 * -0.33
Total sugars 18.0 19.8 24.7 * 0.49
Added sugars 3.1 8.6 16.9 * 0.87
Natural sugars 14.9 11.3 7.8 * -0.54
Starch 25.3 24.4 23.2 * -0.19
Total carbohydrate 43.7 44.5 47.8 * 0.28
Alcohol 3.2 2.7 1.8 * -0.10
Nutrient/1000 kJ (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Cholesterol (mg) 34.0 33.0 31.0 * -0.13
Dietary fibre (g) 3.1 2.8 2.4 * -0.32
Vitamin A (retinol equivalents)
(ug) 161.0 147.0 136.0 * -0.17
Preformed vitamin A (ug) 74.0 68.0 65.0 * -0.14
Provitamin A (ug) 525.0 470.0 419.0 * -0.20
Thiamin (mg) 0.2 0.2 0.2 * -0.17
Riboflavin (mg) 0.3 0.3 0.2 * -0.13
Niacin equivalents (mg) 4.9 4.7 4.3 * -0.31
Folate (ug) 35.0 32.0 29.0 * -0.27
Vitamin C (mg) 18.0 15.0 13.0 * -0.23
Calcium (mg) 107.0 103.0 92.0 * -0.17
Phosphorus (mg) 181.0 174.0 158.0 * -0.31
Magnesium (mg) 42.0 39.0 34.0 * -0.36
Iron (mg) 1.6 1.6 1.4 * -0.26
Zinc (mg) 1.4 1.3 1.3 * -0.21
Potassium (mg) 418.0 388.0 341.0 * -0.36
(a) The tertiles were derived from the percentage of energy
contributed by the added sugars.
(b) Standardised slope across the tertiles.
* Regression slope significantly different from zero,
P [is less than or equal to] 0.001
Table 8. Mean day-2-adjusted nutrient density (nutrient/1000kJ)
according to tertiles (a)of intakes of natural sugars on the
day of the 1995 National Nutrition Survey
Males
Std
Lower Middle Upper slope (b)
Respondents aged 2 to 18 years
Energy kJ 11 077 10 369 8469 * -0.31
Percentage energy (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Protein 13.8 15.1 14.9 * 0.17
Monounsaturated fat 11.9 11.8 11.2 * -0.15
Total sugars 26.4 25.1 27.5 0.07
Added sugars 21.0 14.6 9.8 * -0.62
Natural sugars 5.4 10.5 17.6 * 0.89
Starch 24.1 24.3 23.4 -0.06
Nutrient/1000 kJ (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Dietary fibre (g) 1.9 2.1 2.3 * 0.36
Vitamin A (retinol equivalents (ug) 93.0 104.0 113.0 * 0.18
Preformed vitamin A (ug) 57.0 62.0 64.0 * 0.11
Provitamin A (ug) 221.0 249.0 297.0 * 0.19
Thiamin (mg) 0.2 0.2 0.2 * 0.23
Riboflavin (mg) 0.2 0.3 0.3 * 0.37
Niacin equivalents (mg) 3.6 4.0 4.0 * 0.20
Folate (ug) 22.0 24.0 26.0 * 0.33
Vitamin C (mg) 9.0 12.0 17.0 * 0.40
Calcium (mg) 85.0 102.0 122.0 * 0.50
Phosphorus (mg) 138.0 155.0 166.0 * 0.42
Magnesium (mg) 25.0 29.0 32.0 * 0.54
Iron (mg) 1.2 1.4 1.4 * 0.18
Zinc (mg) 1.1 1.1 1.1 * 0.18
Potassium (mg) 271.0 307.0 353.0 * 0.56
Respondents aged 19 years and over
Energy kJ 11 644 11 144 10 312 * -0.18
Percentage energy (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Protein 16.6 17.1 17.3 * 0.12
Total fat 33.6 33.3 31.4 * -0.18
Saturated fat 13.2 13.3 12.1 * -0.15
Monounsaturated fat 12.5 12.1 11.6 * -0.17
Total sugars 18.3 18.3 21.4 * 0.20
Added sugars 14.0 9.9 7.1 * -0.43
Natural sugars 4.3 8.4 14.3 * 0.87
Starch 23.9 24.3 24.0 0.01
Total carbohydrate 42.4 42.8 45.6 * 0.20
Alcohol 5.9 4.9 3.5 * -0.12
Nutrient/1000 kJ (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Dietary fibre (g) 2.0 2.4 2.9 * 0.49
Vitamin A (retinol equivalents
(ug) 116.0 126.0 138.0 * 0.15
Preformed Vitamin A (ug) 62.0 65.0 70.0 * 0.11
Provitamin A (ug) 312.0 358.0 427.0 * 0.25
Thiamin (mg) 0.1 0.1 0.2 * 0.20
Riboflavin (mg) 0.2 0.2 0.3 * 0.28
Niacin equivalents (mg) 4.5 4.7 4.8 * 0.12
Folate (ug) 26.0 28.0 32.0 * 0.32
Vitamin C (mg) 9.0 12.0 17.0 * 0.47
Calcium (mg) 71.0 87.0 100.0 * 0.39
Phosphorus (mg) 150.0 163.0 173.0 * 0.35
Magnesium (mg) 31.0 35.0 39.0 * 0.46
Iron (mg) 1.3 1.5 1.6 * 0.30
Zinc (mg) 1.3 1.3 1.4 * 0.10
Potassium (mg) 304.0 343.0 394.0 * 0.51
Females
Std
Lower Middle Upper slope (b)
Respondents aged 2 to 18 years
Energy kJ 8535 7898 7129 * -0.25
Percentage energy (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Protein 14.1 14.6 15.1 * 0.15
Monounsaturated fat 12.0 11.8 11.4 * -0.14
Total sugars 25.6 26.1 27.4 * 0.12
Added sugars 20.0 15.0 8.7 * -0.61
Natural sugars 5.7 11.2 18.7 * 0.88
Starch 24.1 23.5 23.5 -0.05
Nutrient/1000 kJ (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Dietary fibre (g) 2.0 2.2 2.5 * 0.35
Vitamin A (retinol equivalents
(ug) 108.0 113.0 122.0 0.07
Preformed vitamin A (ug) 61.0 61.0 63.0 * 0.02
Provitamin A (ug) 273.0 322.0 359.0 * 0.17
Thiamin (mg) 0.2 0.2 0.2 * 0.27
Riboflavin (mg) 0.2 0.3 0.3 * 0.35
Niacin equivalents (mg) 3.7 3.8 4.0 * 0.18
Folate (ug) 22.0 24.0 27.0 * 0.37
Vitamin C (mg) 11.0 14.0 19.0 * 0.48
Calcium (mg) 84.0 100.0 115.0 * 0.39
Phosphorus (mg) 139.0 151.0 162.0 * 0.36
Magnesium (mg) 26.0 29.0 33.0 * 0.53
Iron (mg) 1.2 1.3 1.3 * 0.20
Zinc (mg) 1.0 1.1 1.1 * 0.14
Potassium (mg) 276.0 314.0 364.0 * 0.57
Respondents aged 19 years and over
Energy kJ 7925 7680 6811 * -0.23
Percentage energy (standardised slopes><-0.10)
Protein 16.2 17.0 17.7 * 0.20
Total fat 34.4 33.8 31.3 * -0.25
Saturated fat 13.6 13.3 12.0 * -0.23
Monounsaturated fat 12.4 12.2 11.4 * -0.21
Total sugars 19.7 19.7 23.1 * 0.24
Added sugars 14.0 8.8 5.5 * -0.53
Natural sugars 5.7 10.9 17.6 * 0.89
Starch 24.5 24.3 24.0 -0.05
Total carbohydrate 44.5 44.2 47.3 * 0.19
Alcohol 3.0 3.0 1.7 * -0.09
Nutrient/1000 kJ (standardised slopes>
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