Using massage and music therapy to improve postoperative outcomes.

AORN Journal | September 1, 2003| | Copyright

Whether surgery is emergent or elective, the experience causes patient anxiety, which can be detrimental to surgical outcomes. (1) The anticipation of pain may cause increased anxiety, and, in turn, anxiety and pain cause an increase in levels of circulating catecholamines, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, growth hormone, prolactin, antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, cortisol, glucagon, prostaglandins, and free fatty acids. (2) An increase in stress hormones and resulting metabolic responses can lead to a variety of morbid events, including myocardial and other organ ischemia, ...

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