The Ottoman view of British presence in Iraq and the Gulf: the Era of Abdulhamid II.

From: Middle Eastern Studies | Date: April 1, 2003| Author: Cetinsaya, Gokhan | Copyright information

Throughout his lengthy reign, Sultan Abdulhamid II (1876-1909) was preoccupied by his Empire's vulnerability to the European Great Powers. It was not simply that he feared military attack, and knew that his chances of resisting it were slim; he also feared that the Powers might undermine his Empire's independence and integrity from within, through techniques of 'peaceful penetration'. The latter fear was grounded in historical experience since the 1830s.' To Sultan Abdulhamid and h...

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