jeopardy
jeopardy in law, condition of a person charged with a crime and thus in danger of punishment. At common law a defendant could be exposed to jeopardy for the same offense only once; exposing a person twice is known as double jeopardy. Double jeopardy is prohibited in federal and state courts by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The concept refers to an offense, not to an act giving rise to an offense; therefore, it is possible to try a person for multiple violations arising from a single act (e.g., assault, attempted murder, and carrying a deadly weapon). Jeopardy does not exist until the jury is sworn in, or, if there is no jury, until evidence is introduced. The prohibition of double jeopardy does not preclude a second trial if the first court lacked jurisdiction (authority), if there was error in the proceedings, or if the jury could not reach a verdict. A similar principle, known as res judicata, operates in civil suits. It holds that once a civil case has been finally decided on the merits the same parties can not litigate it again. In England and Wales, revisions to criminal law that took effect in 2005 now permit the Court of Appeal to order a person acquitted of a crime to be retried if there is "new and compelling" evidence.
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Nitrogen solubility in liquid manganese and ferromanganese alloys
Magazine article from: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions; 8/1/2001; ; 700+ words
; The nitrogen solubilities in liquid manganese, manganese-iron...temperature range of 1623 to 1823 K. The equilibrium nitrogen content in pure liquid manganese at an atmospheric nitrogen pressure is high, and it does not follow Sievert...
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Nitrogen compounds
Magazine article from: Mining Engineering; 6/1/2000; ; 700+ words
; World nitrogen supply and demand were out of balance in...prices and industry profitability fell. The nitrogen business is cyclical. During the last few years, additions to worldwide nitrogen supply have outpaced the growth in demand...
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Nitrogen pollution: sources and consequences in the U.S. Northeast.
Magazine article from: Environment; 9/1/2003; ; 700+ words
; ...doubled the global rate at which reactive nitrogen is produced, greatly increasing nitrogen pollution in the environment. This article...describing the region's largest sources of nitrogen pollution, the problems it causes, and the...
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Nitrogen Desorption by High-Nitrogen Steel Weld Metal during CO2 Laser Welding
Magazine article from: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions; 10/1/2005; ; 700+ words
; Nitrogen desorption by high-nitrogen steels (HNSs) containing 0.32 and 0.53 pct nitrogen during CO2 laser welding in an Ar-N^sub 2^ gas mixture was investigated and the obtained data were compared with those for arc welding and at the...
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Nitrogen research shows how some plants invade, take over others.
Newspaper article from: NewsRx Health & Science; 7/26/2009; 700+ words
; ...space, often the actual battle is for getting the nitrogen. Now, research at the University of Nebraska...important new information on how plants can change "nitrogen cycling" to gain nitrogen and how this allows plant species to invade and...
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Nitrogen drops in: liquid nitrogen dosing is moving beyond beverage cans into new containers - and new products.
Magazine article from: Food Processing; 1/1/1998; ; 700+ words
; Liquid nitrogen dosing is moving beyond beverage cans into new...and new products. A little drop of liquid nitrogen can make a big splash. Depositing small amounts of liquid nitrogen into a bottle, jar or other airtight package...
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Nitrogen Compounds
Magazine article from: Mining Engineering; 6/1/1999; ; 700+ words
; World nitrogen supply and demand was out of balance...demand lower. In the United States, nitrogen producers were especially hard hit during...manufacturers had to contend with lower domestic nitrogen demand and a surge in imports into their...
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Nitrogen remobilization during grain filling in wheat: genotypic and environmental effects.
Magazine article from: Crop Science; 5/1/2005; ; 700+ words
; IN CEREALS, the main source of nitrogen for the grains is nitrogen remobilized from the vegetative parts (Simpson et al., 1983). This source accounts for 60 to 92% of the nitrogen accumulated in the grains at maturity (Austin et al...
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 "Herald-Times (Bloomington, IN)")
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Nitrogen: It's not just for NASCAR anymore.
Newspaper article from: Herald-Times (Bloomington, IN); 1/23/2007; 700+ words
; ...Try filling your car's tires up with nitrogen instead. Proponents say the gas doesn...as when they're inflated with air. Nitrogen has been used in airplane tires for years...race cars and the space shuttle all use nitrogen. Brian Brasch, president of the Get...
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Nitrogen-base atmospheres: PSA nitrogen in heat treating. (pressure swing adsorption)
Magazine article from: Advanced Materials & Processes; 4/1/1997; ; 700+ words
; ...can be economically synthesized using nitrogen that has been mechanically separated...in the non-cryogenic production of nitrogen have allowed heat treaters to synthetically...without requiring bulk deliveries of liquid nitrogen. The most widespread non-cryogenic...
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Nitrogen Cycle in Microorganisms
Book article from: World of Microbiology and Immunology
Nitrogen cycle in microorganisms Nitrogen is a critically important nutrient for organisms, including...acids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Most plants obtain their nitrogen by assimilating it from their environment, mostly as nitrate...
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nitrogen
Book article from: The Oxford Companion to the Body
nitrogen Four-fifths (79%) of the air we breathe consists of nitrogen, nearly all the rest being oxygen . It was known...in death, but only in 1772 did Rutherford isolate nitrogen; soon after, Lavoisier showed that pure nitrogen...
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Nitrogen
Encyclopedia entry from: The Gale Encyclopedia of Science
Nitrogen Nitrogen — the fifth most abundant element in the universe —...Hopkins University (Baltimore, Maryland), have made such discoveries. Nitrogen is located in group 15 of the periodic table. The elements that make...
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Nitrogen Cycle
Encyclopedia entry from: UXL Encyclopedia of Science
Nitrogen cycle The term nitrogen cycle refers to a series of reactions in which the element nitrogen and its compounds pass continuously through Earth's atmosphere, lithosphere (crust), and hydrosphere (water component). The major components...
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nitrogen cycle
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
nitrogen cycle the continuous flow of nitrogen through the biosphere by the processes of nitrogen fixation, ammonification (decay), nitrification, and denitrification. Nitrogen is vital to all living matter, both plant and animal; it is...
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