codon
From: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
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Date: 2008
codon see nucleic acid .
Author not available, CODON.,
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2008
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press
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On the Evolution of Codon Volatility
Genetics; 1/1/2005; Zhang, Jianzhi; 2993 words;
ABSTRACT Volatility of a codon is defined as the probability that a random point mutation in the codon generates a nonsynonymous change. It has been proposed that higher-than-expected mean codon volatility of a gene indicates that positive ...
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Unique Translation Initiation at the Second AUG Codon Determines Mitochondrial Localization of the Phage-Type RNA Polymerases in the Moss Physcomitrella patens1
Plant Physiology; 5/1/2005; Kabeya, Yukihiro; Sato, Naoki; 9360 words;
... translated from the first (upstream) AUG codon in the natural context but translated from ... translation is forced to start from the first AUG codon. The influence of the 5'-upstream sequence ... results further supported that the second AUG codon is the sole translation initiation site ...
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Evolution of Amino-Acid Sequences and Codon Usage on the Drosophila miranda Neo-Sex Chromosomes
Genetics; 12/1/2006; Bartolomé, Carolina; Charlesworth, Brian; 7753 words;
... applies to synonymous variants affecting codon usage. There is also an indication of a ... 2005). While a relaxation of selection on codon usage bias on the neo-Y chromosome is in ... amino-acid substitutions, respectively). Codon usage bias: We estimated codon usage bias ...
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Background Selection in Single Genes May Explain Patterns of Codon Bias
Genetics; 3/1/2007; Loewe, Laurence; Charlesworth, Brian; 8590 words;
... consistent with observed differences in codon usage bias along genes. It may also help ... observed effects of gene length and introns on codon usage. Gene conversion plays a crucial ... the inferred intensity of selection on codon bias within genes of Drosophila. As discovered ...
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A novel c.C2754 > T transition in the androgen receptor gene introduces the premature termination codon Q798X and results in a truncated form of the receptor
Gynecological Endocrinology; 10/1/2004; Ignacak, M; Turek-Plewa, J; Limon, J; Trzeciak, W H; 1401 words;
... which has not been previously reported, alters a Gln codon to a termination codon (Q798X). This results in the interruption of the amino ... translation due to the generation of a termination codon, resulted in a truncated form of the receptor5. Analysis ...
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The Transcobalamin (TC) Codon 259 Genetic Polymorphism Influences Holo-TC Concentration in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Alzheimer Disease
Clinical Chemistry; 7/1/2003; Zetterberg, Henrik; Nexo, Ebba; Regland, Bjorn; Minthon, Lennart; Et al; 2284 words;
... substitution of proline (P) for arginine (R) at codon 259 of the TC gene is the major determinant ... give valid consent. Genotyping of the TC codon 259 polymorphism and a novel 2-bp deletion ... were 5'-CTGTTCCCAGTTCTGCCCCA-3' for the codon 259 polymorphism and 5'-TTTTTTTTTTACCT ...
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Patterns of Synonymous Codon Usage in Drosophila melanogaster Genes With Sex-Biased Expression
Genetics; 8/1/2005; Hambuch, Tina M; Parsch, John; 8377 words;
... The nonrandom use of synonymous codons (codon bias) is a well-established phenomenon ... Recent reports suggest that levels of codon bias differ among genes that are differentially ... with male-expressed genes showing less codon bias than female-expressed genes. To examine ...
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X-Linked Genes Evolve Higher Codon Bias in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis
Genetics; 9/1/2005; Singh, Nadia D; Davis, Jerel C; Petrov, Dmitri A; 9045 words;
... protocol (CONERY and LYNCH 2001) and computed optimal codon frequencies of each duplicate using only the aligned ... between D. melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura and codon usage in D. pseudoobscura: For each gene in the D ... locations in D. pseudoobscura, we calculated optimal codon frequencies on the ...
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Estimating the "Effective Number of Codons": The Wright Way of Determining Codon Homozygosity Leads to Superior Estimates
Genetics; 2/1/2006; Fuglsang, Anders; 2600 words;
... introduced a method for measuring synonymous codon usage bias in a gene by estimation of the ... rigorous testing conditions. Estimation of codon homozygosity, F, turns out to be a key ... to incorporate as much knowledge about codon bias as possible in estimates for codon ...
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A Unified Model of Codon Reassignment in Alternative Genetic Codes
Genetics; 6/1/2005; Sengupta, Supratim; Higgs, Paul G; 7216 words;
... canonical code. We present a new framework for codon reassignment that incorporates two previously proposed mechanisms (codon disappearance and ambiguous intermediate ... introduces two further mechanisms (unassigned codon and compensatory change). Our theory is ...
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Mutations in K-ras Codon 12 Detected in Plasma DNA Are Not an Indicator of Disease in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Clinical Chemistry; 7/1/2005; Trombino, Sonya; Neri, Monica; Puntoni, Riccardo; Angelini, Cristiano; Et al; 1325 words;
... samples (12 patients), we observed K-ras codon 12 mutations in 2 different tissue samples ... Ramirez et al. (3) analyzed K-ras mutations (codon 12) in tumor and paired serum DNA of 51 ... radicals may cause activation of K-ras codon 12 (6). In addition, inhaled particles ...
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BUILD TO ORDER IS THE PLAN AT CODON
The Boston Globe; 4/3/2006; Jeffrey Krasner, Globe Staff; 700 words;
John Danner doesn't want you to think of Codon Devices Inc. of Cambridge as a start-up ... interrupts a meeting to borrow a chair. But Codon has some things that most 10-month-old ... what you want? Noubar Afeyan chairman of Codon and a principal at Flagship Ventures, one ...
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Diagnostic Pitfall in PCR-Based [alpha]-Thalassemia Genotyping Resulting from a (G[arrow right]C) Polymorphism at Nucleotide 71 3' to the [alpha]2-Globin Gene Termination Codon
Clinical Chemistry; 3/1/2006; Chan, Amy Yuk-Yin; Luo, Hong-Yuan; Wang, Wen; Chui, David H K; Et al; 931 words;
... different primer pair (3). Direct nucleotide sequencing showed a G[arrow right]C SNP at nucleotide 71 after the TAA termination codon. This SNP is located at the 5th position from the 3' end of the reverse primer (α2-R) that was used in the 7-deletion multiplex ...
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Origin and history of the IVS-I-110 and codon 39 [beta]-thalassemia mutations in the Lebanese population
Human Biology; 12/1/2002; Zahed, Laila; Demont, Jocelyne; Bouhass, Rachid; Trabuchet, Guy; Et al; 3485 words;
... gene in 31 unrelated Lebanese IVS-I-110 or codon 39 (Cd39) subjects, and five normal [beta ... Mediterranean, whereas the mutation at codon 39 (C[arrow right]T) is very frequent in ... 40% of thalassemia mutations, while stop codon 39 (Cd39) is quite rare (0.8%) and has ...
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The firm febit biotech GmbH filed suit against Codon Devices.(Microarrays: Company Announcements)
Instrument Business Outlook; 8/31/2007; 49 words;
The firm febit biotech GmbH filed suit against Codon Devices, alleging infringement of US Patent No. 6,586,211 covering the use of microarrays for synthetic gene production. Codon Devices filed a complaint for declaratory judgment, stating that it ...
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